He aha ke awa waina

ʻO ka lepo a me nā hua waina i hui pū me ka mākaukau o ka poʻe Oporto vintners i ka hui ʻana, hua waina ʻano ʻokoʻa me nā ʻono ʻokoʻa. Hoʻomalu ʻia ka ʻāina e ke kānāwai Pukiki.

Awa ʻulaʻula

Tawny. ʻO ke awa ʻo Tawny kahi hui ʻana a oʻo i loko o ka pahu (nā pahu lāʻau), e hoʻololi ana i kona kala e hana i kahi hui o nā nati a me nā ʻono hua i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā awa tawny he nui a hiki ke ʻelemakule no nā makahiki he nui e hopena i nā ʻono ʻono.

Ma ke kumu. ʻO ka waina ʻulaʻula ke kumu no nā awa he nui. Aia ka waina ʻulaʻula i ka resveratrol antioxidant pale puʻuwai. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e hiki ke pale ʻia ka maʻi kanesa, ka maʻi diabetes, a me ka maʻi Alzheimer me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano antioxidant a me nā ʻano anti-inflammatory o resveratrol a maikaʻi nō hoʻi no ka ʻāʻī, ka ʻili ʻili a hoʻonui i ka ʻōnaehana pale. Manaʻo ʻia no ke olakino kino a me ka noʻonoʻo, ka pohō kaumaha, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, mālama i nā pae cholesterol a hoʻoikaika i ke olakino noʻonoʻo ikaika. Ua hoʻoneʻe nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea kūʻai mai ka ʻuhane paʻakikī i ka ʻona māmā. Manaʻo ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi olakino e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka mākeke no ka mea aia kahi makemake i waena o nā hanauna ʻōpio no nā waina maikaʻi no ka hoʻohana pilikino a me nā makana e hoʻohui i ka ulu mākeke.

ʻO ka maʻi maʻi coronavirus ma Sepania a me ke koena o ʻEulopa i alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka inu ʻana i ka waina Port ma muli o kona ʻono, nā pono olakino, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka whiskey a i ʻole ka pia. ʻOkoʻa nā waina port a loaʻa e like me ka blackberry a me ka raspberry, ke kinamona, ka caramel, a me ke kokoleka.

Awa Keokeo

Hana ʻia ʻo White Port mai kahi hui o nā hua waina keʻokeʻo me Esgana Cao (Sercial) a me Malvasia Fina. Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hui ʻana e ka Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e do Porto. Ua like ke kaʻina hana me ka ʻulaʻula Port; akā, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka manawa maceration. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka fermentation waiʻona ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi ʻuhane waina kūʻokoʻa ma kahi o 77 ka nui o ka waiʻona ma ka nui. ʻO ke kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo fortification, ka hopena i kahi waina paʻa i kiʻekiʻe i ke kō a me ka waiʻona.

Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kahi Awa keʻokeʻo i kahi waihoʻoluʻu gula a hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻala o ka meli a me nā nati me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā pae ʻono mai kahi maloʻo a ʻono loa. ʻO nā awa momona (lagrima= waimaka) ua fermented i loko o nā pahu (i kekahi manawa lāʻau e hāʻawi i ke kala a me ka paʻakikī).

Pono e lawelawe ʻia ʻo White Port i loko o ke aniani waina keʻokeʻo a i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻāpana like o ka Port keʻokeʻo a me ka tonic a i ʻole ka wai soda i loko o ke kīʻaha cocktail me ka lime wedge. He kūpono ia no ka sangria i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ai ka hua i loko o ke awa keʻokeʻo ma mua o ka hui ʻana me kahi hue waina keʻokeʻo. ʻAʻole i wehe ʻia ke awa keʻokeʻo e mālama ʻia no nā makahiki; i ka wehe ʻana, e hoʻopaʻa i ka pahu hau a hiki i hoʻokahi mahina.

Hoʻopuka

Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hana nā Roma i nā waina Pokukala ma hope o ka hele ʻana i ka muliwai Douro (137 BC) e lanakila ai i nā Celts i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Lusitania. ʻO ke kanu ikaika ʻana o nā māla waina ma ka Alto Douro ua ʻike ʻia i ka hana a King Denis i ke kenekulia 14 e hoʻoikaika i ka mahiʻai ma kēia wahi. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana waina i ka poʻe Pelekania a hāʻawi lākou i nā pono kālepa kūikawā i ka manawa ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o Sepania i ke kūʻokoʻa o Pokukala ma lalo o ke Kuikahi 1668 o Lisbon.

Ua hoʻonui ka poʻe Pelekania i kāna makemake waina ma Pokukala ma hope o ka hoʻolimalima mua ʻana i nā hana koʻikoʻi a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka waina Farani i ka hopena o 1600s i pane i nā kulekele palekana a Louis XIV. I ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka poʻe Pelekania i kā lākou ʻoihana, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā waina Pukiki. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi abbot i loko o kahi monastery Larnego i ka brandy e hoʻopau i ka fermentation i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i ke kō i ka waiʻona. Ma ka hopu ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana, mālama ʻo Port i kahi mea ʻono a ʻo ka brandy e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻona ʻona.

Ua hoʻonui ke Kuʻikahi Methuen (1703) i ka lawe ʻia mai o nā waina Pukiki ma Pelekane ma o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke dute ma kēia mau waina i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā waina Farani. Ua lilo ʻo Inu Port i kumu aloha ʻāina no ka poʻe Pelekania e hoʻopaʻi i ka Farani.

ʻO Kauka Samuel Johnson, "ʻO Claret ka waiʻona no nā keikikāne: ke awa no nā kāne ..." (Life of Samuel Johnson, 1791, Vol III), a ua kaulana ka haku mele ʻo Jonathan Swift (18th century) no ka hoʻoholo ʻana, "E hoʻowahāwahā i ka champagne ma hale hookolokolo. A koho e ʻai ma ka home me ke awa. I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 18, ua lawe mai ka poʻe Pelekania i ʻekolu manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Port ma mua o kēia lā, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka heluna kanaka o UK.

ʻO Terroir

Aia ka ʻāina ʻo Alto Douro ma ka ʻākau o Pokukala i ke aniau, ka lepo, a me ka topography e pono ai nā hua waina e hana i ka waina Port. ʻO nā mea ʻino loa i ka wā, mai ke kau wela a hiki i ka hoʻoilo anuanu, hui pū ʻia me ka lepo pōhaku e hoʻokumu i nā mea ʻono nui i loko o nā hua waina e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻano ʻono ʻokoʻa a poina ʻole no Port. He pōhaku pele paʻa e waiho ana ma lalo o ka lepo pōhaku momona a me ka phosphate (schist) kahi i kālai ʻia ai nā ʻanuʻu. Ke paʻi ka ua nui i ka ʻāina, ʻo nā ʻanuʻu haiki 70-degere i kūkulu ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke awāwa e pale aku i ka holoi ʻana i nā waina. Hoʻopili ka wai i ka schist e hōʻiliʻili ma luna o ka pōhaku lua pele ʻole, e hana ana i kahi waihona wai e hoʻopili ai nā kumu waina a me nā aʻa i ke kauwela maloʻo. Mālama nā mauna a puni ʻo Maro a me Alvao e Montemuro i nā māla waina mai nā makani ikaika e puka mai ana mai ka Moana ʻAkelanika.

ʻO wai ka mea inu i ke awa?

ʻO ka mea kūʻai maʻamau he 50-55 makahiki. ʻOiai inā ʻoe e noho ma kou pā kūloko (ma USA) no nā lā/wiki ma ka hopena, ʻaʻole paha ʻoe e ʻike i nā poʻe he nui e inu ana i ke awa no ka mea aia ka hapa nui o nā mea kūʻai aku ma ʻEulopa a kaulana i UK.

I ka makahiki 2020, ua kūʻai ʻia ka mākeke waina awa honua ma $942.02 miliona a ke manaʻo ʻia nei e hōʻea i $ 1371.26 miliona e 2030 e piʻi ana ma kahi CAGR o 4.26 pakeneka mai 2022 a 2030. ʻO ka māhele mākeke nui loa he awa tawny e pili ana i ka māhele mākeke (2020) a. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau kēia ʻāpana i kona mana a hiki i 2030.

Hoʻoponopono ka Port Wine Institute i ka hana

ʻO nā ʻāina i alakaʻi ʻia e nā kānāwai ʻEulopa e hoʻoholo i nā waina Pukiki wale nō mai ka ʻāina palena ʻo Douro ke kuleana e kapa ʻia ʻo PORT ma ke ʻano he ala e pale ai i ka waiwai kuʻuna a me ka waiwai o ka huahana a me ka ʻāina. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he digestif, ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana e hui pū me nā mea ʻono o ka paʻakai a me nā nati a me / a i ʻole kokoleka ʻoiai ua lawelawe ʻia ʻo Port tawny a keʻokeʻo ma ke ʻano he aperitif, ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana.

No ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o Port, hoʻoponopono ka Port Wine Institute i ka hana ʻana:

1. Pono e hana ʻia nā waina mai nā huawaina i ulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Douro (ka ʻāina waina palena ʻāina kahiko loa o ka honua (1756) e like me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka palapala hoʻoholo aliʻi i ka wā i noho kuhina nui ai ʻo Marquis do Pombal. .

2. Pono nā hua waina mai ka papa inoa o 15 ʻulaʻula a me 14 mau ʻano keʻokeʻo a ua ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻae ʻia, a i ʻae ʻia no ka manawa pōkole a me: Malvasia Fina, Viosinho, Donzelinho, a me Gouveio (keʻokeʻo). Tinta Baroca, Tinta Roriz, Tinto Cao, Touriga Francesa a me Touriga Nacional (ulaula). ʻO nāʻano kaulana loa: Mouriscos, Tintas, Tourigam no kaʻulaʻula; ʻO Malvasia Fina no ke keʻokeʻo.

3. Pono ka nui o ka waiʻona o 19-27 pakeneka o ka leo, koe naʻe nā ʻano keʻokeʻo maloʻo māmā a hiki ke loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi he 16.5 pakeneka. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka brandy ma kahi ratio o ka 1/5 o ka nui o ka pono, a i ʻole ma kahi o 115 lita o ka brandy i ka 435 lita o ka pono.

4. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā awa ʻulaʻula e like me: vintage, ruby (ulaʻula), tawny, tawny medium, a me light tawny

5. Ua kapa ʻia nā mea keʻokeʻo: keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, keʻokeʻo ʻulaʻula, a i ʻole keʻokeʻo gula

6. ʻOno: ʻono loa, ʻono, hapalua maloʻo, maloʻo, maloʻo keu

7. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke awa e ka māla waina (quinta) i hana ʻia

Waiona awa kaulana

1. Kopke.

Ua puka mai ka ʻohana Kopke ma Hamburg, Kelemānia e hōʻea ana i Lisbon, Pokukala i ka makahiki 1638. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Christiano Kopke i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea kālepa a mea hoʻopuka i nā huahana Portuguese ma Porto. I ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka waina (aka Portwine), ua lilo ka Hale o Kopke (ka ʻoihana kūʻai mua o Portwine) i alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana.

I Iune 2006, lilo ʻo Kopke i ʻāpana o ka Pūʻulu Sogevinus. ʻO Gonzalo Pedrosa lāua ʻo Pania Oliveira ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā waina Douro DOC (me Kopke, Casa Burmester, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) - nā waina Port maikaʻi me ka manaʻo nui i nā Ports Colheita makahiki oak. He alakaʻi i ka mākeke Pukiki o Port waina, ʻo ka Sogevinus Group ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i 8.25 miliona mau hue, me 7.05 miliona mau hue waina Port wale nō. Hoʻokuʻu aku ka Pūʻulu i ka 60 pakeneka o kāna hana waina i nā ʻāina he 60. ʻO nā mākeke nui ka Netherlands, Farani, US, UK, a me Denmark. ʻO kā lākou mau ʻāina he 88g ʻeka o ka māla waina a me nā lāʻau hua ma ka ʻāina ʻo Douro.

• Colheita White 2003 (waipuu ʻia i ka makahiki 2021)

Noka.

ʻO ke awa keʻokeʻo 30 mau makahiki he 30 mau makahiki i loko o nā pahu ʻoka. Amber hue i ka maka; ʻoluʻolu māmā i ka ihu me kahi ʻulaʻula o ka meli a me ka meli, cherries i ka syrup, a me ka molasses. Ma luna o ka palate maloʻo tropical hua, marzipan, alani marmalade, alani zest, mea ala (pepa a me ka ginger). ʻO ka pau ʻana o kēia moʻolelo ʻono (20% abv)? Nā manaʻo o nā huawaina, nā fiku, marzipan, a me nā ʻalemona.

Hāʻawi ʻia i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ka aperitif a hui pū me ka foie gras. Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia me ka risotto mushroom. Ma ke ʻano he mea ʻai punahele, hui pū me ka ʻāpala ʻala a i ʻole kahi crispy crepe.

• Kopke Colheita Port 2002

ʻO nā hui ʻana o nā ʻano ʻulaʻula Douro kahiko a ulu ʻia ma nā ʻāina schist-sandstone ma 600 mau mika o ke kiʻekiʻe, hana ʻia ʻo Colheitas mai kahi hōʻiliʻili hoʻokahi a ʻelemakule i nā barela ʻoka no nā manawa like ʻole akā ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 7 mau makahiki. ʻO ka ʻōmole mai ka pahu e like me ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka mākeke.

Noka.

ʻO Brown me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻulaʻula i ka maka; loaʻa i ka ihu ke cherries, ka lāʻau, ka hua maloʻo, ka toffee, ka ʻili citrus, nā fiku, nā paʻi, a me ke kinamona. ʻO kahi hui huaʻai e hoʻokipa i ka palale e kuhikuhi ana i kahi hopena ʻono iki i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻakika nui a me ka minerality.