I kēlā me kēia lā, hoʻololi nā piliona bacteria e noho ana i kāu ʻōnaehana digestive; ʻO ka meaʻai āu e ʻai ai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau āu e lawe ai, a me nā germs āu e ʻike ai i mea e ulu ai kekahi bacteria ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema e pili ana kēia neʻe mau ʻana o nā microbes puʻuwai i kou olakino a me kou maʻi, akā ua paʻakikī ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i ka mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaulike microbial ma mua o kekahi.

I loko o nā makahiki he umi i hala iho nei, ua wehewehe maʻamau ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka microbiome o ke kanaka—ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā microbes i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka—ma ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi bacteria, a me ka nui. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopuka kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi i alakaʻi ʻia e Katie Pollard, PhD, ma Gladstone Institutes i ʻelua mau noiʻi hou e hōʻike ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano o nā maʻi bacteria-a ʻaʻole wale i ka ʻano-hiki ke hāʻawi i nā ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i ka microbiome.

He ʻano liʻiliʻi nā ʻano maʻi bacteria i nā ʻano ʻīlio a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻōmato - ʻāpana o nā ʻano like, akā ʻokoʻa kekahi mai kekahi.

I loko o kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Nature Biotechnology, ua hana pū ʻo Pollard's lab me Stephen Nayfach, PhD, he ʻepekema noiʻi ma ka US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano helu helu hou e nānā i nā ʻano o nā maʻi bacteria i loaʻa i kahi laʻana microbiome nui. ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka uku ma mua o nā ʻenehana i loaʻa. ʻO ke ala hou, wahi a Pollard, e hiki ai i nā mea noiʻi ke hana i nā loiloi nui a ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka microbiome ma mua o ka wā ma mua.

Ma kahi pepa ʻokoʻa i paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ma Genome Research, ua hui pū ʻo Pollard me nā labs o Benjamin Good, PhD, a me Michael Snyder, PhD, ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford e nānā i nā ʻano o ka bacteria i loaʻa i ka microbiome o hoʻokahi kanaka ma 19 mau manawa like ʻole ma luna o 5- mahina, e like me ma mua a ma hope o ka papa o nā antibiotic. Ua ʻike lākou, i kekahi mau hihia, ua mau ka nui o nā ʻano bacteria ma waena o nā manawa, akā ua loli nui nā ʻano i loko o ia ʻano.

Hoʻololi i nā Microbiomes

I loko o kou ʻōpū, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana bacteria ma mua o ka ʻeli wale ʻana i kāu meaʻai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻo ka poʻe me nā maʻi like ʻole e like me ka maʻi ʻeha o ka ʻōpū, ka hānō, ka autism, ka maʻi diabetes, a me ka maʻi maʻi ʻokoʻa i loko o kā lākou ʻōnaehana digestive ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā poʻe olakino. Akā he liʻiliʻi nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kuhikuhi ana i ka microbiome i puka mai i kēia mau ʻike a hiki i kēia manawa.

No ka mea, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia maʻi bacteria kona code genetic ponoʻī, hilinaʻi nā ʻepekema i ka sequencing DNA e wehe i ka mea bacteria e noho ai i ka microbiome o kekahi kanaka. Akā paʻakikī ka nānā ʻana i nā kaʻina DNA ma muli o ka nui a me ka paʻakikī o ka ʻikepili. ʻOiai hiki i ka poʻe noiʻi ke hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana e hoʻoholo ai i nā ʻano mea i loaʻa, hāʻawi kēia i kahi ʻāpana o ke kiʻi o ka ʻokoʻa a me ka hana o ka microbiome. ʻO ia no ka mea hiki i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole i loko o kahi ʻano bacteria ke hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻokoʻa genetic koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka nui o ka nui e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻano like ʻole.

A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i loko o kahi laʻana microbiome e koi ana i ka mana hoʻopihapiha hoʻokō kiʻekiʻe a me ka mālama ʻana i ke ao - kahi mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā labs. Pono nā mea noiʻi e hoʻohālikelike i nā miliona o nā ʻāpana DNA mai nā genomes o nā kaukani bacteria i loaʻa i ka microbiome i kahi waihona me nā kaʻina o kēlā me kēia microorganism i ʻike ʻia, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana i kapa ʻia ʻo sequence alignment.

Ua ʻike ʻo Pollard a me kāna mau hoa hana he mea maʻamau ka lōʻihi o nā kaʻina genome ma waena o nā ʻano bacteria a i ʻole nā kumu. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kaʻina e kōkua i ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kahi maʻi bacterial kikoʻī. Hoʻoulu ʻia e nā ala e kālailai wale ana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka genome kanaka, ua hoʻomaka ka hui e ʻimi i ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike kikoʻī e pono ai lākou e ʻoki mai ka ʻikepili microbiome e ʻike ai i ke ʻano o ia mea.

Ua nānā ka poʻe noiʻi ma luna o 100,000 i loaʻa i ka lehulehu a me nā genome kiʻekiʻe mai kahi o 900 mau ʻano bacterial i loaʻa mau i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka. Ua loaʻa iā lākou he 104 miliona mau kaula pōkole o ka DNA i loko o nā genomes bacteria e ʻokoʻa pinepine ma waena o nā ʻano bacteria. A laila, hoʻohana lākou i kēia ʻike no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi algorithm hou, i kapa ʻia ʻo GenoTyper for Prokaryotes (GT-Pro), e ʻimi ana i ka ʻikepili sequence microbiome no nā hoʻohālikelike pololei i nā kaula kī e hana i mea hōʻike no nā maʻi bacterial. ʻAʻole like me nā kaʻina hana hoʻonohonoho mua, kūpono ʻo GT-Pro i ka hoʻomanaʻo o kahi kamepiula a ʻaʻole koi i ka helu helu kiʻekiʻe a me nā hōʻaiʻē ao.

Ua kaupalena ʻia ke kahua noiʻi ma mua o ka liʻiliʻi o nā labs a puni ka honua i loaʻa ke kālā a i ʻole ka lako kamepiula e kālailai i ka ʻikepili microbiome i ka hoʻonā ʻana o nā pilikia.

Ma mua a ma hope o Antibiotics

ʻO kekahi o nā nīnau a nā mea noiʻi microbiome e hoʻoikaika nei e pane i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ia ka nui o ka loli ʻana o ka microbiome i loko o ke kino o kekahi kanaka i ka manawa. Ua pane ʻia kēia nīnau ma kahi pae ʻano; Ua ʻimi nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano o nā microbiome o nā kānaka me ka ʻai, nā maʻi, a i ʻole nā loli kaiapuni. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā hopena ke wehewehe i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka microbiome i nā hana hou, e like me ka pale ʻana i ka antibiotic a i ʻole ka hiki ke hoʻopau i nā lāʻau lapaʻau chemotherapy, ke paʻa mau ke ʻano o nā ʻano i kēlā me kēia mahina.

Ua makemake ʻo Pollard a me kāna mau hoa e komo i kēia nīnau ma kahi pae hohonu, ma ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka maʻi bacteria, ma mua o nā ʻano ʻano wale nō. Ua hoʻohana hou lākou i kahi ala i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pūnaewele kanaka hoʻokahi a hoʻohana iā ia e barcode i nā molekole DNA bacterial. ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai i ka hui ke ʻimi i nā maʻi bacteria i hoʻokahi kanaka i ka wā o kahi haʻawina 5 mau mahina.

Hoʻonohonoho ka hui i ka microbiome o kahi kanaka olakino ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule ma mua o 5 mau mahina. I loko o ia manawa, ua kāhāhā ʻia ke kumuhana me ka maʻi Lyme a loaʻa iā ia kahi papa 2 pule o nā lāʻau antibiotic-i ʻike ʻia e hoʻopau i nā ʻano bacteria he nui, me nā mea e noho ana i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka.

I kekahi mau hihia, he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia—ʻo kekahi mau ʻano, a me nā ʻano, o nā microbes i kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa, aia me nā genomes kokoke i loli ʻole i ka hoʻomaka a me ka pau ʻana o ka manawa 5-mahina. Akā i nā hihia ʻē aʻe, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā maʻi i loaʻa ma hope o nā lāʻau antibiotic mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loli ka nui o nā ʻano. ʻO ka mea nui, ua nalo kēia mau ʻokoʻa inā ʻimi wale ka hui i nā ʻano i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia microbiome sample.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka GT-Pro algorithm e hoʻohana ʻia i kēia haʻawina, ʻōlelo ʻo Pollard e hana maʻalahi ia i nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana-a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi.

Hoʻopaʻa i kahi ala hou no nā haʻawina Microbiome

ʻO ka hua bacteria i loko o kou kino ua like ia me ka ululāʻau—he kaiaola ola e hoʻololi nei me nā mea ola e noho pū ana i kahi kaulike paʻakikī. I ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ukali mai luna mai, hiki i ka poʻe ecologists ke nānā i nā hoʻololi hohonu loa a me ka nui o ka ululāʻau, akā e poina lākou i nā mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano o ke kaiapuni.

Pēlā nō, ʻo ka poʻe e aʻo ana i ka microbiome ma ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka loli ʻana o nā ʻano i loaʻa i kahi ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka pūnaewele, a ʻike wale i nā pili pili loa i ke olakino a me nā maʻi. Akā me GT-Pro a me kahi ʻike hou o nā ʻano microbe, wahi a Pollard, e ʻike ʻia nā loulou hou.

He aha e lawe ʻia mai kēia ʻatikala:

In one study published in the journal Nature Biotechnology, Pollard’s lab worked with Stephen Nayfach, PhD, a research scientist at the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, to develop a new computational method to analyze the strains of bacteria present in a microbiome sample much more quickly and affordably than existing technologies.
In a separate paper published online in Genome Research, Pollard collaborated with the labs of Benjamin Good, PhD, and Michael Snyder, PhD, at Stanford University to track the strains of bacteria present in one person’s microbiome at 19 different time points over a 5-month period, including before and after a course of antibiotics.
Researchers had to compare millions of DNA fragments from the genomes of thousands of bacteria present in the microbiome to a database with the sequences of every known microorganism, using a technique known as sequence alignment.