No ke aha ʻo Hasidic Iudaio mākaʻikaʻi i kipi aku iā Uman ma Ukraine i nā makahiki Makahiki Hou?

Uman He kūlanakauhale ʻUkekia aia ma Cherkasy Oblast ma waenakonu o Ukraine, ma ka hikina o Vinnytsia. Aia ma ka wahi mōʻaukala o ka hikina ʻo Podolia, kau ke kūlanakauhale ma kapa o ka muliwai Umanka. ʻO Uman ke kikowaena kikowaena hoʻomalu me kahi heluna kanaka o 85,473. Hoʻohui ʻia i kēia heluna kanaka e pili ana i nā lā nui Iudaio Hou e mau nei i kēia manawa he mau kaukani Iudaio Nā malihini hele Hasidic.

Wahi a ka State Border Guard Service o Ukraine, ma kahi o 28,000 mau huakaʻi hele i hala i 3 mau lā ma mua o ka New Year ma Kepakemapa 8. I kēia makahiki, hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka lā nui o Rosh Hashanah, a i ʻole ka makahiki hou Iudaio, Kepakemapa 9-11. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā Iudaio Hasidic, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 10,000 mau kānaka, i hōʻea i Kepakemapa 6. Hele lākou i Ukraine ma nā kahua mokulele ʻo Boryspil, Zhuliany, Lviv, a me Odesa, a me nā kaʻe pae ʻāina ma ka palena me Polani, Romania, a me Solowakia.

I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hele nā ​​Iudaio Hasidic i Uman e kipa aku i kahi ilina Iudaio, kahi i kanu ʻia ai ʻo Reb Nachman o Bratslav (1772-1810), ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka neʻe o Breslov Hasidic. ʻO kona lua kupapaʻu kekahi o nā wahi hanohano o Hasidim, kahi kahi o ka huakaʻi lehulehu.

Pehea i hoʻomaka ai

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi kaiāulu Iudaio ma Uman i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 18. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua o ka poʻe Iudaio ma Uman e pili ana i nā hanana o ke ala ʻana o Haydamaks. I ka makahiki 1749 ua luku nā Haidamacks i nā Iudaio he nui o Uman a puhi i kahi hapa o ke kūlanakauhale.
I ka makahiki 1761, kūkulu hou ka mea nona Uman, ʻo Earl Pototsky, i ke kūlanakauhale a hoʻokumu i kahi mākeke, a ma ia manawa ma kahi o 450 ka poʻe Iudaio e noho ana i ke kūlanakauhale. I kēia manawa, ua ulu ʻo Uman e ulu pono ma ke ʻano he kaona Iudaio a me kahi kikowaena kālepa.

I ka makahiki 1768, luku ʻia ʻo Haidamacks i ka poʻe Iudaio o Uman, me nā Iudaio mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ʻimi i kahi e puʻuhonua ai.
Ma Iune 19, 1788, ke kipi kipi, ʻo Maxim Zheleznyak, i hele i luna o Uman ater ua kīʻaha ʻo ia i nā Iudaio o Tetiyev. I ka wā i hele aku ai ka hale koa ʻo Cossack a me kona luna koa, ʻo Ivana Gonta, iā Zheleznyak (ʻoiai nā kālā i loaʻa iā ia mai ke kaiāulu Uman a me nā hoʻohiki āna i hana ai i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana), hāʻule ke kūlanakauhale iā Zheleznyak, ʻoiai ke koa wiwo ʻole i ka kahi a nā Iudaio i hana nui ai. Ua ʻākoakoa ka poʻe Iudaio i loko o nā hale hālāwai, kahi i alakaʻi ʻia ai e Leib Shargorodski lāua ʻo Moses Menaker i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pale aku iā lāua iho, akā ua luku ʻia lākou e ke ahi pū. Ma hope ua luku ʻia nā Iudaio i noho ma ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hala ka luku i ʻekolu mau lā a ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia nā ʻelemakule, nā wahine a me nā keiki. Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻo Gonta i ka make i nā Kristiano āpau i ʻaʻa e pale aku i nā Iudaio. ʻO ka nui o nā Pole a me nā Iudaio i make i ka "luku nui o Uman" i manaʻo ʻia he 20,000. ʻO ka lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka luku, ʻo Tammuz 5, ma hope ua kapa ʻia ka "Decil Evil of Uman," a ua mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano he wikiwiki a me kahi pule kūikawā.

Ua lilo ʻo Uman i ʻāpana o Lūkia i 1793.
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia XVIII, aia kahi kaiāulu Iudaio ikaika a lehulehu i Uman a ma 1806, aia he 1,895 Iudaio i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e noho ana ma ke kūlanakauhale.

Rabi Nahman

I ke kenekulia 19 mua, ua lilo ʻo Uman i kikowaena o Hasidism, pili pū ʻia me ka tzadik kaulana, ʻo Rabi Nahman o Bratzlav (ʻApelila 4, 1772 - ʻOkakopa 16, 1810) i lilo i ʻelua mau makahiki ma Uman. Ua noho ʻo ia ma Uman a ma mua o kona make ʻana ma laila ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, "ke kali nei nā ʻuhane o ka poʻe martyrs (i luku ʻia e Gonta)." ʻO kona lua kupapaʻu ma ka hale kupapaʻu Iudaio i lilo i wahi huakaʻi no Bratslav Hasidim mai nā wahi āpau o ka honua. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Rabi Nachman, ʻo ke alakaʻi ʻuhane o ka Bratzlav Hasidim ʻo ia ʻo Rabi Nathan Shternharts.

Ua kaulana ʻo Uman ma ke ʻano he kūlanakauhale ʻo klezmerim ("mea hoʻokani pila Iudaio"). ʻO ke kupuna kāne o ka violinist ʻo Mischa Elman he klezmer kaulana i ke kūlanakauhale, a ua ʻike nui ʻia nā mele a Uman.
Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi o nā kikowaena mua o ka neʻe ʻana o Haskalah ma Ukraine. ʻO Chaim Hurwitz ke alakaʻi o ka neʻe. Ma 1822 "kahi kula i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā kumu Mendelssohnian" i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Uman a me kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o nā kula ma Odessa a me Kishinev. ʻO Hirsch Beer ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu, ke keiki a Chaim Hurwitz a me kahi hoaaloha o ka haku mele ʻo Jacob Eichenbaum; pani ʻia ke kula ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki.
I ka makahiki 1842 he 4,933 ka poʻe Iudaio ma Uman; i 1897 - 17,945 (59% o ka heluna heluna kānaka), a ma 1910, 28,267. I ka makahiki 1870 he 14 mau hale pule nui a me ka hale pule

I ka huli ʻana o ke kenekulia XIX-XX ua lilo ʻo Uman i kikowaena waiwai nui. I 1890 ua wehe ʻia ke kahua kaʻaahi. Ua ola nui kēia i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana kūloko a me ke kālepa. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XX, aia he 4 hale hālāwai nui, 13 hale pule, ʻekolu kula keiki kāne pilikino a me kahi Talmud Torah ma Uman.

I ka 1905, ma muli o ka pogrom 3 Iudaio i luku ʻia.

ʻO nā mea kālepa Uman ma 1913 me nā inoa Iudaio he nui:

Ma ka ʻāpana Uman o ka Russian Directory Business Directory e 1913 i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe aʻe:
- ka rabi kūmaka ʻo Kontorshik Ber Ioselevich
- rabbi ʻuhane Borochin P., Mats
- Synagogues: "Hahnusas-Kalo", Novobazarnaya Horal, Starobazarnaya, Talnovskaya
- Nā hale pule: "Besgamedrash", Latvatskogo, Tsirulnikova
- Ke kula wahine wahine Iudaio ʻekolu makahiki, ʻo ke poʻo ʻo Boguslavskaya Tsesya Avramovna
- Talmud-Torah, ke poʻo ʻo Gershengorn A.
- i ʻōlelo ʻia 6 mau hui aloha aloha Iudaio

ʻO Civil pogroms

I ka wā ʻo Bolshevik Revolution, ua hoʻomanawanui ka poʻe Iudaio o Uman i ka ʻeha nui. I ke kauwela a me ke kauwela o 1919, hele kekahi mau pūʻali koa i loko o ke kūlanakauhale a hana i nā pogroms; aia 400 mau mea i hōʻino ʻia i ka pogrom mua a ʻoi aku ma mua o 90 i ka mea aʻe. Ma mua o 400 mau mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ka pogrom 12-14 Mei 1919 i kanu ʻia i ka ilina Iudaio i loko o ʻekolu mau lua lehulehu. I kēia manawa ua kōkua ka poʻe Karistiano e hūnā i nā Iudaio. ʻO ka ʻaha kūkā no ka maluhia lehulehu, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lālā he Karistiano koʻikoʻi, me ka hapa nui o nā Iudaio koʻikoʻi, i hoʻopakele i ke kūlanakauhale mai ka makaʻu i nā manawa he nui; i 1920, no ka laʻana, ua oki ka pogrom i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pūʻali koa o General A. Denikin.

I loko o ka puke "Sokolievka / Justingrad: Kenekulia o ka hakakā a me ka ʻehaʻeha ʻana i kahi Shtetl Ukrainian", ua ʻōlelo ʻo New York 1983 e pili ana i kēia manawa ma Uman:

Ma hope o ke Kaua Kivila

I nā 1920s a me 30s, neʻe nā Iudaio he nui mai Uman a Kiev a me nā kikowaena nui ʻē aʻe me ke kaiāulu Iudaio e hoʻemi i ka nui ma kahi o 1926 mau keneta e 22,179 a i 49,5 poʻe (XNUMX%).

1936, ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ke kipi kūʻē ʻana i nā Iudaio, a ma hope o ke kau ʻia ʻana o nā ʻauhau kaumaha loa i kau ʻia e ke aupuni Komunista, ua pau ka wā o ka hale hālāwai. ʻO Reb Levy Yitzchok Bender, ka mea i hala, ka mea nāna i mālama i ka hale hālāwai i ka manawa i pani ai, ua kuhikuhi ʻo ia ka hale hālāwai hope loa ma ia wahi i pani ʻia. Ua lilo ia i waihona no nā ʻōwili Torah a pau o nā hale hālāwai kūloko.

I ka makahiki 1939, aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 13,000 mau Iudaio (29,8%) ma Uman.

Holocaust Holo

Ma ʻAukake 1, 1941, i ka wā i noho ai ʻo Uman, ma kahi o 15,000 mau Iudaio i noho i ke kūlanakauhale kahi i hui pū me nā mea mahuka mai nā kauhale a me nā kauhale e pili ana.

I ka wā o nā kī ʻana mua, ua make he ʻeono kauka Iudaio. Ma ʻAukake 13, ua luku ʻia ka poʻe Kelemania i 80 mau kānaka mai ka poʻe Iudaio Intelligentsia kūloko.

Ma Kepakemapa 21, ua hoʻokau ʻia he mau kaukani Iudaio i lalo o ka hale paʻahao, me kahi tausani e make ana i ka hanu.

Ma ʻOkakopa 1 1941, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi ghetto ma kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Rakivka. Akā ʻOkakopa 10 1941 (Yom Kippur) ua kāpae ʻia ke ghetto. Ua luku aku ka pūʻali koa mākaʻi he 304 mai Kirovograd i nā Iudaio he 5,400 mai Uman a he 600 mau mea pio. ʻO nā Iudaio wale nō me nā mākau e pono ai no ke kaua kaua i koe i ka ghetto me ko lākou mau ʻohana. ʻO Samborskiy lāua ʻo Tabachnik i luna o Judenrat. Ua hoʻomāinoino nui ʻia nā paʻahao ghetto.

I ʻApelila 1942, ua noi ʻo Kelemania i ke poʻo o ghetto Chaim Shvartz e hāʻawi i nā keiki Iudaio he 1000 no ka luku ʻana akā hōʻole ʻo ia. Ma hope o kēia ua wae ʻo Kelemania i nā keiki he 1000 a pepehi iā lākou ma kahi kokoke i ke kauhale o Grodzevo.

I ka makahiki 1941-1942 ma luna o 10,000 ka poʻe Iudaio i make i Uman. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hoʻomoana hana no nā Iudaio mai Transnistria, Bessarabia a me Bukovina ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka ghetto.
ʻO kahi hoʻomoana POW i kapa ʻia ʻo "Uman Pit" i hana ʻia i ke kauwela-kauwela 1941 ma Uman kahi o nā tausani o ka poʻe i make a i make paha. ʻO ka nūhou nūhou Kelemania e pili ana i kahi hoʻomoana ʻo "Uman Pit" i 1941:

ʻO 80% o ka nui o nā nalowale o ka lehulehu ma Uman he Iudaio.

Eia kekahi o nā Helene Pono o Uman a me kahi i hoʻopakele i nā ola Iudaio i ka wā o ka Holocaust: ʻO Victor Fedoseevich Kryzhanovskii, ʻo Galina Mikhailovna Zayats, ʻo Galina Andreyevna Zakharova.

Ma hope o WWII

I ka makahiki 1959 he 2,200 ka poʻe Iudaio (5% o ka heluna heluna kānaka). I ka hopena o 1960, ua koho ʻia ka heluna Iudaio ma kahi o 1,000. Ua pani ʻia ka hale hālāwai hope loa e nā luna i ka 1957, a hāʻule ka hale ilina o nā Iudaio. ʻO kahi mea hoʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻomanaʻo o 17,000 ka poʻe martyrs Iudaio o ka Nazis i kau ʻia kahi kahakaha ma Yiddish.

Hele kipa kekahi mau Iudaio i ka hale kupapaʻu o Nahman o Bratslav. Ma hope o ka haki ʻana o ka Soviet Union, ua lilo i mea makemake nui ʻia nā huakaʻi hele i ka lua kupapaʻu o Rebbe Nahman, me nā tausani e hōʻea ana mai nā wahi a puni o ka honua ma Rosh ha-Shanah.

ʻO ka wikiō kūikawā o ka hele malihini ʻana o Hasidim iā Uman i nā makahiki i hala iho nei o ka Soviet Union (1989). I kēlā manawa aia ka hale kupapaʻu ʻo Rabi Nahman ma kahi o ka puka aniani o ka hale Iudaio ma ka hale kupapaʻu Iudaio:

kamepiula

Aia ka ʻaoʻao ʻoihana o ke kūlanakauhale ma ke alanui waena o Nikolaev (i kēia manawa ʻo Lenin Street). Aia ka Quarter Iudaio ma ka hema o ke kikowaena kūlanakauhale nui, ma ke ala e hiki aku ai i ke alahaka ma luna o ka muliwai ʻo Umanka. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa kona kūlana kiʻekiʻe kahiko. Ma laila ka nui o ka poʻe ilihune Iudaio. Noho kekahi mau ʻohana i ka hale like, e noho ana i nā papahele a pau, me ka hale o lalo. Ua like kēia mau hale me nā hale, hoʻokau kokoke loa, crammed kokoke kekahi i kekahi ma kahi pali kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o nā pā e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. Hoʻopili nā alanui ololi e pili ana i ka mākeke.

Ke ola nei ka hale kupapaʻu mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kaiāulu Iudaio i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 18. Wahi a kekahi o nā kumuwaiwai Hasidic, ua kanu ʻia nā mea i make o ka luku Uman ma 1768 ma aneʻi. Maliʻa paha aia ka hale kupapaʻu kahiko ma ka pūnaewele hoʻokahi. I ka makahiki 1811, ua kanu ʻia ʻo Rabi Nachman o Bratzlav ma kahi kokoke i ka poʻe i luku ʻia i ka luku Uman. I ke kenekulia 20, luku ʻia ka hale kupapaʻu. ʻAʻohe mau pōhaku kupapaʻu mai ka hale kupapaʻu kahiko i ola.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o Rabi Nachman o ka hale kupapaʻu o Bratzlav, e like me nā kumuwaiwai Bratslaver.
ʻO ke kuʻuna o ke kipa ʻana i ka lua kupapaʻu o Rabi Nachman i hoʻokumu ʻia i waena o kāna mau haumāna kokoke koke ma hope o kona make ʻana (i ka wā e make ana, ua kauoha ʻo Rabi Nachman i kāna poʻe haumāna e kipa aku i kona lua kupapaʻu, ma Rosh Hashana kekahi. I nā 1920s-30s, ua mālama ka poʻe hoʻomana o Rabi Nachman mai ke kaiāulu kūloko i ka lua kupapaʻu.

I ka 1947 ua hoʻoholo nā luna kūloko e kūkulu ma ka ʻāina o ka hale Iudaio kahiko o nā Iudaio. Ua ʻike ʻo Rabi Zanvil Lyubarskiy mai Lvov i kahi kikoʻī o ka hale kupapaʻu a kūʻai aku i kēia ʻāpana ʻāina ma o kahi kamaʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo Mikhail. Ua kūkulu ʻo Rabi i hale ma kahi o ka lua kupapaʻu a aia ka hale kupapaʻu ma lalo o ka paia a me ka puka aniani. Akā makaʻu ʻo Mikhail o ʻike ʻia ʻo ia a kūʻai aku ʻo ia i ka pūnaewele i ʻohana gentile. ʻAʻole ʻae nā mea hou i ka poʻe Iudaio a ʻaʻole lākou i ʻae iā lākou e kipa i kēia lua kupapaʻu. Ma hope o kekahi manawa ua kūʻai hou ʻia ka hale i kahi ʻohana ʻohana ʻē aʻe a ua ʻae ka mea hou i ka loaʻa ʻana iā Hasidim e pule a hiki i ka makahiki 1996 ke kūʻai ʻia ka hale e Breslover Hasidim no USD 130,000.
ʻAʻole hoʻokahi gravestone i kona ʻano kumu i ola. Aia ka hale kupapaʻu i hale kupapaʻu i kūkulu hou ʻia o Rabi Nahman o Bratzlav, kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka paia o ka hale, e like me ka moʻomeheu Bratslaver. Aia kēia pōhaku ma luna o ka lua kupapaʻu o Rabi Nachman, ua luku ʻia ke kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka wā o ke kaua.

Nā Halepule mua

Ma ka panalāʻau o ka hale hana ʻo "Megaohmmeter" o kēia manawa ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hale hālāwai ʻelua, kahi mele nui a me kahi Hasidim. ʻO ka hale pule choral nui i kēia manawa ka hale o ka electroplating unit. Ua hoʻi nā hale ʻelua i ke kenekulia XIX. ʻO kahi hihia o ka ʻaha e hoʻihoʻi i nā hale halepule i ke kaiāulu ke hele nei no ʻelima mau makahiki. Ua pani ʻia ka hale hālāwai Hasidim ma 1957, ʻo ia ka hale hālāwai hope loa ma ke kūlanakauhale.

Ka hale kupapaʻu lehulehu o Sukhyi Yar

Ma ka ulu lāʻau, ma waenakonu o Sukhyi Yar, aia kekahi pōhaku obelisk ma kahi o ʻekolu mika ke kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā kia a me ke kaulahao hao. Hāpai ka obelisk i ʻekolu papa me nā kahakaha hoʻomanaʻo.
"Maanei e moe ai ka lehu o 25,000 Iudaio mai Uman, Pepehi ʻia i ke Kau Kau 1941. E hoʻopaʻa ʻia ko lākou ʻuhane me ko mākou ola mau loa. MEA MANAWA MAU. ”

ʻO ka lua kupapaʻu ʻo Tovsta Dubina

I Pepeluali 1942 376 ua luku ʻia nā Iudaio Uman ma "Tovsta Dubina" wahi ma ka hema o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hoʻomanaʻo ma laila ma Mei 9, 2007. Ua paʻi ʻia kēia ʻike laila.

Na Ilina Iudaio Kahiko

Ma luna o 90% o nā lua kupapaʻu ma ka ʻaoʻao kahiko i luku ʻia i ka wā WWII.

Aia kekahi mau lua kupapaʻu kaulana:
ʻO Rabi Avraham Chazan (? - 1917) ke alakaʻi nui ʻo Breslov Hasid i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XX. He keiki ʻo ia ʻo Rabi Nachman o Tulchin kekahi o nā haumāna nui a me ka hope o Rebbe Nathan o Bratslav. Ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana i Yerushalayim i 1894, e huakaʻi makahiki ʻo Rabi Avraham i Uman. I ka makahiki 1914, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e noho i Rūsia ma muli o ke kū ʻana o ke Kaua Honua I. Noho ʻo ia ma laila a hiki i kona hala ʻana i 1917 a kanu ʻia i ka hale kupapaʻu Iudaio Hou o Uman.

I ka pogrom o Mei 12-14 wale nō, a make he 400 Iudaio i make. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka helu pono o nā mea i hōʻino ʻia. Kanu ʻia nā mea make o pogrom ma laila kekahi.
Kau ka memorial i kēia palapala penei: "He lua kupapaʻu kēia pūnaewele ma kahi o 3000 mau Iudaio mai ke kaiāulu mai, na ke Akua e hoʻopaʻi i ko lākou koko, Pepehi ʻia i ka wā o ka pogrom i ka makahiki 5680 (1920). Ohaley Tzadikiim, Ierusalema ".

Na Ilina Kupapau Iudaio hou

Ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei ka hale kupapaʻu hou a me ke kūlana maikaʻi. Hoʻohanohano ka hale kupapaʻu i ka pā hou a me ka puka pā hou. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka hale kupapaʻu kahiko e ka pā.