ʻO 8000 Istanbul mau makahiki ʻo ʻIstanbul i kēia manawa

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia me ka papahana o ke kenekulia: he misionari e hoʻohui i ʻelua mau ʻāina me kahi kaila kaʻaahi $2.6bn e holo hohonu ana ma lalo o ke kahawai ʻo Bosphorus. Akā ʻo ka mana hou o kēlā hihiʻo ua kuʻi i kahi mea hina i ka mōʻaukala.

I ka wā i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ai nā hale a hoʻomaka ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana no ke kahua kikowaena nui o Istanbul metro ma ke kahua kaʻaahi Marmaray miliona miliona. Ua ʻike ka poʻe kālaihonua i nā waiwai kahiko ma lalo o kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. He mau mika wale nō ma lalo o ka honua, ua loaʻa iā lākou ke awa kahiko loa o Byzantium. Ua loaʻa nō hoʻi iā lākou nā wahi noho a me nā hale kupapaʻu e pili ana i nā makahiki 8000 mai ko mākou wā. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe mōʻaukala a hiki i kēia manawa ua hoʻonoho mua ʻia ʻo Istanbul ma kahi o 700 BC. Ua ʻike ʻia nā koena Neolithic ma ʻelua mau ʻāina ʻo Istanbul i ka wā ma mua akā ʻo kēia ka mea i loaʻa mua ma ka puʻuwai mōʻaukala o ke kūlanakauhale.

ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i loko o ka lepo mānoanoa a me ka pālolo ʻeleʻele o kahi mea kālaihonua kahiko ma Istanbul ua ʻike i nā ilina a me kahi noho e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana he 6,000 mau makahiki ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kūlanakauhale ma mua o ko lākou manaʻo. He 8,000-makahiki urns cremation mai ka Neolithic Age a me ka lua kupapaʻu me nā iwi o ʻelua mau mākua a me ʻelua mau keiki i ʻike ʻia. Me na ipu hao, ua loaa aku na mea pono a pau o ka poe i make, na lole, na mea nani, na ipu, a me ka pua i pepehiia, ua kanu pu ia me ka mea nona ia iloko o na hue. Aia i loko o kekahi ipu ka iwi o kahi pēpē.

Ma ia wahi hoʻokahi i loaʻa ai nā koena o kahi noho mua me nā hōʻailona o nā hale i hana ʻia me nā lālā lāʻau a me nā mea hana liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana lāʻau a me nā iwi.

Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka pahu ma kahi o ʻeono mahina, mahalo i nā ʻike archaeological e ʻeli mau ana i nā makahiki ʻehā ma hope. Ua manaʻo ʻia e wehe ʻia ka Marmaray i ka makahiki 2011 i ka wā mua.

Ma lalo o ke kaomi ʻana e hoʻopau i kā lākou ʻeli ʻana a hoʻokuʻu aku i nā limahana hana, 50 archaeologists a me 750 mau limahana e ʻeli ana i nā manawa he 24 i ka lā, 7 mau lā o ka pule, ma kahi o ka nui o 10 mau poloka kūlanakauhale. Ua hōʻea ʻo Yenikapi eli i ka pōhaku moe ma kekahi mau wahi, no laila ʻaʻole manaʻo ka poʻe kālaihonua i nā ʻike nui hou aku ma ia mau wahi. Ke hana mau nei lākou i loko o nā puʻu o ka ʻōpala kahiko, kahi i mālama ai i kekahi o nā mea kahiko kahiko a me nā koena o nā moku Byzantine.

Ua wehewehe ʻo Archeologist, Associate Professor Necmi Karul, i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he "sensational" a ʻōlelo ʻo ia he kahua kanu kanu e pili ana i ka makahiki 5800-6000 BC, ka hope o ka Neolithic a i ʻole New Stone Age, kahi manawa koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kanaka. ʻenehana e hoʻomaka ana ma kahi o 10,000 BC ma ka Hikina Waena.

Maʻaneʻi lākou e lawe mālie i nā kumu o ke ola "civilized" ma ke komohana, iʻEulopa. ʻO ka ʻike hou ma Istanbul e kōkua i ka palapala ʻana i kēlā hoʻololi. Ua loli ka moʻomeheu Neolithic i kona neʻe ʻana i ke komohana. Ua hele mai nā holoholona home a me kekahi o nā mea kanu cereal, akā ua lilo nā pōhaku lepo i mea hoʻolālā lāʻau, ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia nā wahi noho.

Manaʻo ʻo Prof Ozdogan i ka manawa o ka noho ʻana o Yenikapi ma waena o 6400BC a me 5800BC - lōʻihi ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke kahawai ʻo Bosphorus a i nā lā he loko liʻiliʻi ʻo Marmara Sea. Ua ʻike ʻia ka poʻe kamaʻāina mua o Istanbul e noho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka muliwai e kahe ana ma o Yenikapi.

I kēia manawa, ua hāʻawi ke kahua i nā koena pōhaku o ke awa a me 43m. ʻO ka pier lāʻau a me ka noho kahiko loa ma İstanbul. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā kāmaʻa ʻili me nā kaula ma nā manamana wāwae a ma kahi o hoʻokahi tausani mau kukui a me nā pulu lauoho, nā heleuma kahiko a me nā lōʻihi o ke kaula. Manaʻo lākou e loaʻa nā ʻike e pili ana i ke ola kalepa kahiko ma ke kūlanakauhale, i kapa ʻia ʻo Constantinople, ʻo ia ke kapikala o nā aupuni Roma hikina, Byzantine a me Ottoman.

Mālama ʻia nā mea waiwai nui o ka pūnaewele ma lalo o nā hale lole pale nui. I loko, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā makahiki he 1,000 a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā pahu wai no ka mālama ʻana i nā waʻa lāʻau. Ua ʻike ʻia e ka ʻeli he 22 mau waʻa me nā waʻa Byzantine mua i loaʻa. Wahi a kekahi poʻe, ʻo ia ke kahua archaeological nautical nui loa o nā manawa a pau. Ua holoi ʻia nā moku i ka manawa hoʻokahi i ka ʻino nui a i ʻole ke kai eʻe ma hope o ke ōlaʻi ikaika i pā i ke awa. ʻO kēia mau waʻa he "loulou nalowale" i ka moʻolelo o ka hana moku ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā ʻenehana kahiko a me nā hana hou i loko o ka moku hoʻokahi. Ua loaʻa iā lākou hoʻokahi waʻa me ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa i hana ʻia e ke ʻano kahiko, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao luna ma ke ʻano hou.

He moeʻuhane ia no ka archeologist, akā he moeʻuhane no ka hoʻokele Marmaray. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Marmaray Project Manager Haluk Ozmen: "ʻO ka ʻeli ka mea hiki ke lohi i ka papahana Marmaray. ʻO ia ke kumu e hana nei mākou i nā hola 24 i ka lā e hoʻokō i kā mākou manawa palena. Aia nā mea a pau i ka lima o ka poʻe kālaihonua i kēia manawa.

Ua ʻōlelo nā luna e hoʻolālā lākou e kūkulu i kahi hale hōʻikeʻike ma kahi ʻāpana o ka pūnaewele a hoʻokomo iā ia i loko o ka mokuʻāina nui o ka hale hana ma lalo o ka honua.