Ua paʻi ʻia kēia pūʻulu alakaʻi e like me AAA no nā huakaʻi ʻeleʻele e Victor H. Green mai ka makahiki 1936 a hiki i ka makahiki 1966. Ua helu ʻia nā hōkele, nā motel, nā hale lawelawe, nā hale noho, nā hale ʻai, a me nā hale kūʻai nani a me nā hale ʻuʻuku. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka wā i kū ai ka poʻe huakaʻi ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i kahi puʻu o nā kānāwai Jim Crow a me nā ʻano racist e paʻakikī ai ka huakaʻi a i kekahi manawa pilikia.
Ua ʻōlelo ka uhi o ka paʻi 1949 i ka huakaʻi ʻeleʻele, “E lawe pū me ʻoe i ka Buke Green. Pono paha ʻoe.” A ma lalo o ia aʻo ʻana he ʻōlelo a Mark Twain e hōʻeha nei i kēia pōʻaiapili: "He mea make ka huakaʻi i ka manaʻo ʻino." Ua kaulana loa ka Buke Green me 15,000 kope i kūʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia paʻi i kona wā nui. He ʻāpana kūpono ia o nā huakaʻi alanui no nā ʻohana ʻeleʻele.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻokae ʻana i ka lāhui a me ka ʻilihune i kaupalena ʻia ka mana kaʻa e ka hapa nui o nā ʻeleʻele, ua kūʻai koke ka papa waena o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i nā kaʻa i ka wā hiki iā lākou. Eia nō naʻe, ua kū lākou i nā pōʻino like ʻole a me nā pilikia ma ke alanui, mai ka hōʻole ʻana i ka ʻai a me ka noho ʻana a hiki i ka hopu ʻia ʻana. E kūʻai aku ana kekahi mau hale kaʻa ʻaila i nā kaʻa ʻeleʻele akā ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻohana i nā lumi ʻauʻau.
I ka pane ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Victor H. Green i kāna alakaʻi no nā lawelawe a me nā wahi e pili ana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i kāna uhi mai New York a hiki i ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā mokuʻāina, ua papa inoa kēlā me kēia paʻi i nā ʻoihana i hoʻokae ʻole ma ke kumu o ka lāhui. I ka makahiki 2010 ninaninau me ka New York Times Lonnie Bunch, Luna Hoʻokele o ka National Museum of African American History and Culture, i wehewehe i kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka Green Book ma ke ʻano he mea hana e "ʻae i nā ʻohana e pale i kā lākou mau keiki, e kōkua iā lākou e pale aku i kēlā mau mea weliweli. kahi e kiola ʻia ai lākou a ʻae ʻole ʻia e noho ma kahi."
He 1936 mau ʻaoʻao ka paʻi hoʻomaka ʻana o ke alakaʻi i ka makahiki 16 a ua kālele ʻia i nā wahi mākaʻikaʻi ma New York City a puni. Ma ke komo ʻana o ʻAmelika i ke Kaua Honua II, ua hoʻonui ʻia i 48 ʻaoʻao a uhi ʻia kokoke i nā mokuʻāina āpau o ka Union. ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻonui ke alakaʻi i nā ʻaoʻao 100 a hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo aʻo no nā mākaʻikaʻi ʻeleʻele e kipa ana i Kanada, Mexico, ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻApelika a me ka Caribbean. Ua loaʻa i ka Green Book nā ʻaelike hoʻoili me Standard Oil a me Esso i kūʻai aku i ʻelua miliona kope e 1962. Eia kekahi, ua hana ʻo Green i kahi hui huakaʻi.
ʻOiai e hōʻike ana nā Green Books i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻokae ʻana i ka lāhui ʻAmelika, ua hiki nō hoʻi i nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ke hele me ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka palekana.
Ua paʻi ʻo Victor H. Green, kahi limahana leka uila ma Harlem ma US, i ke alakaʻi mua ma 1936 me 14 mau ʻaoʻao o nā papa inoa ma New York metropolitan area i hoʻopau ʻia e kahi pūnaewele o nā limahana leka. Ma ka 1960s, ua ulu a kokoke i 100 ʻaoʻao, e uhi ana i nā mokuʻāina he 50. I loko o nā makahiki, ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou e nā mea hoʻokele ʻeleʻele i makemake e pale i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka transit nui, nā mea ʻimi hana e neʻe ana i ka ʻākau i ka wā o ka Migration Nui, nā koa i hoʻolālā hou ʻia e hele ana i ka hema i nā kahua kaua o ke Kaua Honua II, nā ʻoihana huakaʻi hele a me nā ʻohana hoʻomaha.
He mea hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia nā alanui i waena o nā wahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia o ka ʻāina a, i ka lilo ʻana o nā kaʻa i ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai i nā makahiki 1920, ua lilo ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ʻoi aku ka mobile ma mua o ka wā ma mua. I ka makahiki 1934, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka nui o nā ʻoihana ma ke alanui i ka poʻe huakaʻi ʻeleʻele. ʻO Esso wale nō ke kaulahao o nā keʻena lawelawe i lawelawe i nā huakaʻi ʻeleʻele. Eia naʻe, i ka wā i haʻalele ai ka mea kaʻa ʻeleʻele i ke ala waena, ua hoʻopunipuni ke kūʻokoʻa o ke ala ākea. Ua pāpā mau ʻo Jim Crow i nā huakaʻi ʻeleʻele mai ka huki ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā motel alanui a loaʻa nā lumi no ka pō. Pono nā ʻohana ʻeleʻele i ka hoʻomaha no kēlā me kēia kūlana inā e hōʻole ʻia lākou i ka noho ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻai ʻana i loko o kahi hale ʻaina a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lumi ʻauʻau. Hoʻopiha lākou i ka ʻeke o kā lākou mau kaʻa me ka meaʻai, nā pākeke a me nā uluna, ʻo kahi pahu kofe kahiko no kēlā mau manawa i hōʻole ʻia ai nā kaʻa kaʻa ʻeleʻele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lumi ʻauʻau.
Ua hoʻomanaʻo ke alakaʻi kuleana kīwila kaulana, ʻo Congressman John Lewis, i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o kona ʻohana no kahi huakaʻi i ka makahiki 1951:
“ʻAʻohe hale ʻaina no mākou e kū ai a hiki i ko mākou hele ʻana i waho o ka Hema, no laila ua lawe mākou i kā mākou hale ʻaina i loko o ke kaʻa me mākou… ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kinoea a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hale ʻauʻau, pono ka hoʻolālā ʻana. Ua hele mua ʻo ʻAnakala Otis i kēia huakaʻi, a ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā wahi ma ke ala e hāʻawi aku ai i nā lumi ʻauʻau "ʻeleʻele" a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hele wale ʻana. Ua hōʻailona ʻia ko mākou palapala ʻāina, a ua hoʻolālā ʻia ko mākou alahele ma ia ala, e nā mamao ma waena o nā keʻena lawelawe kahi e palekana ai mākou e kū ai.
ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi noho ʻo ia kekahi o nā pilikia nui i kū i ka poʻe huakaʻi ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻole wale ka nui o nā hōkele, nā motels, a me nā hale noho i hōʻole i ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea kūʻai ʻeleʻele, akā ua haʻi aku nā tausani o nā kūlanakauhale ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa iā lākou iho "nā kūlanakauhale i ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā," kahi e haʻalele ai nā poʻe keʻokeʻo ʻole i ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. ʻO ka nui o nā kūlanakauhale a puni ka ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 1960, aia ma kahi o 10,000 mau kūlanakauhale i ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā ma waena o ʻAmelika - me nā wahi ākea nui e like me Glendale, Kaleponi (60,000 kanaka i kēlā manawa); Levittown, Niu Ioka (80,000); a me Warren, Michigan (180,000). Ma luna o ka hapalua o nā kaiāulu i hoʻohui ʻia ma Illinois he mau kūlanakauhale napoʻo ka lā. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo kūhelu ʻole a Anna, Illinois, ka mea i kipaku ʻino i kona lāhui ʻApelika-ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 1909, ʻo ia ka "Ain't No Niggers Allowed". ʻOiai ma nā kūlanakauhale ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale i ka noho ʻana o ka pō e nā ʻeleʻele, ua kaupalena ʻia nā hale noho. ʻO ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e neʻe ana i Kaleponi e ʻimi i ka hana i nā makahiki 1940, ʻike pinepine lākou iā lākou iho e hoʻomoana ana ma ke alanui i ka pō no ka nele o kahi hale hōkele ma ke ala. Ua ʻike nui lākou i ka hana hoʻokae i loaʻa iā lākou.
Ua ʻalo ka poʻe huakaʻi ʻApelika-ʻAmelika i nā pilikia kino maoli ma muli o nā lula like ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai kēlā me kēia wahi, a me ka hiki ke hoʻomāinoino ʻia iā lākou. Hiki i nā hana i ʻae ʻia ma kahi hoʻokahi ke hoʻonāukiuki i kekahi mau mile ma ke alanui. ʻO ka uhaki ʻana i nā loina lāhui a i ʻole i kākau ʻia, ʻoiai me ka ʻike ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokau i ka poʻe huakaʻi i kahi pilikia nui. ʻO ka hoʻokele kaʻa ʻana i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka racism; ma ka ʻāina ʻo Mississippi Delta, ua pāpā ʻia nā ʻeleʻele mai ka poʻe ʻeleʻele i ka poʻe keʻokeʻo, i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lepo mai nā alanui i paʻa ʻole e uhi i nā kaʻa keʻokeʻo. Ua puka mai kekahi ʻano o ka poʻe keʻokeʻo e hoʻopōʻino i nā kaʻa ʻeleʻele e hoʻokomo i ko lākou mau mea "ma ko lākou wahi". ʻO ke kū ʻana i nā wahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia he palekana, ʻoiai e ʻae i nā keiki i loko o ke kaʻa e hoʻomaha iā lākou iho, he pilikia; E koi nā mākua i kā lākou mau keiki e hoʻomalu i ko lākou pono e hoʻohana i ka lumi ʻauʻau a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wahi palekana e kū ai, no ka mea, "ʻo ia mau ala hope he mea weliweli loa ia no nā mākua ke hoʻokuʻu i kā lākou mau keiki ʻeleʻele."
Wahi a ke alakaʻi kuleana kīwila ʻo Julian Bond, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kona mau mākua i ka Green Book, "He puke alakaʻi ia e haʻi iā ʻoe ʻaʻole kahi o nā wahi maikaʻi loa e ʻai ai, akā aia kahi wahi e ʻai ai. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻoe i nā mea a ka hapa nui o ka poʻe huakaʻi e manaʻo ʻole ʻia, a i ʻole ka hapa nui o nā poʻe i kēia lā. Inā hele au i New York City a makemake e ʻoki lauoho, he mea maʻalahi loa iaʻu ke ʻimi i kahi e hiki ai ia hana, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ia manawa. ʻAʻole ʻoki ʻia nā lauoho keʻokeʻo o ka poʻe ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻole e lawe nā hale nani keʻokeʻo i nā wahine ʻeleʻele i mea kūʻai aku - nā hōkele a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma lalo o ka laina. Pono ʻoe i ka Buke Green e haʻi iā ʻoe i kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hele me ka ʻole o ka pani ʻana o nā puka i kou alo.
E like me kā Victor Green i kākau ai i ka paʻi 1949, "e loaʻa kahi lā i kahi manawa e hiki mai ana ʻaʻole pono e paʻi ʻia kēia alakaʻi. ʻO ia ka manawa e loaʻa ai iā mākou nā manawa like a me nā pono ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. He lā maikaʻi loa ia no mākou e hoʻokuʻu i kēia hoʻolaha no laila hiki iā mākou ke hele i nā wahi a mākou e makemake ai, a me ka hilahila ʻole…. ʻO ia ka manawa e loaʻa ai iā mākou nā manawa like a me nā pono i ka United States. "
Ua hiki mai kēlā lā i ka wā i lilo ai ke Kānāwai Kuleana Kivila o 1964 i kānāwai o ka ʻāina. Ua paʻi ʻia ka Negro Motorist Green Book hope loa i ka makahiki 1966. Ma hope o kanalimakūmākahi mau makahiki, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka democratic o nā lawelawe alanui alanui ʻAmelika ma mua o ka wā ma mua, aia nō nā wahi kahi i hoʻokipa ʻole ʻia ai nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka mea kākau, ʻo Stanley Turkel, kahi mana a me ke kākā'ōlelo i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻoihana hōkele. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona hōkele, hoʻokipa a me ka hana aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo loea i ka hoʻokele waiwai, nā loiloi hana a me ka maikaʻi o nā ʻaelike franchise hotel a me nā kuleana kākoʻo litigation. ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku nā mea hōkele, nā mea hoʻopukapuka a me nā ʻoihana hōʻaiʻē. ʻO kāna mau puke e pili pū ana: Nā Hōkele ʻAmelika Nui: Nā Paionia o ka ʻOhana Hotel (2009), Kūkulu ʻia E Noho Hou: 100+ Mau Hōkele Makahiki Ma NūIoka (2011), Kūkulu ʻia E Noho Hou: 100+ Mau Hōkele Makahiki Ma ka Hikina o ka Misisipi (2013 ), Hotel Mavens: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt and Oscar of the Waldorf (2014), Great American Hoteliers Volume 2: Pioneers of the Hotel Industry (2016), a me kāna puke hou loa, Built To Last: 100+ Makahiki -Old Hotels West o ka Misisipi (2017) - i loaʻa ma ka hōʻano paʻa, paperback, a me ka puke Ebook - kahi a Ian Schrager i kākau ai i ka ʻōlelo mua: "Hoʻopau kēia puke kikoʻī i ke kolamu o 182 mau moʻolelo hōkele o nā waiwai kahiko he 50 mau lumi a ʻoi paha ... Manaʻo maoli wau e pono i kēlā me kēia kula hōkele ke hoʻonohonoho i kēia mau puke a koi iā lākou e heluhelu no kā lākou mau haumāna a me nā limahana. "
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