Mai ka poe mahiai i ka poe kue i ka poe hana waina

ʻO Sud De France kahi hōʻailona waina ʻaʻole ma luna o kaʻu papa inoa waina makemake, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia ma ka papa inoa. Aia ma waena o Languedoc-Roussillon a me Midi-Pyrenees, ʻo Sud De France kahi papahana e ʻimi nei e hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka nani o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka inoa hou o ia wahi ʻo Occitanie, i koho ʻia ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻōlelo a me nā dialects Occitan.

ka ʻO Occitan ʻO ia ka ʻāina e like me kahi ʻāpana i mālama ʻia e nā Counts of Toulouse i nā kenekulia 12th - 13th a ʻo ke keʻa Occitan (hoʻohana ʻia e nā Counts of Toulouse) he hōʻailona moʻomeheu kaulana i kēia manawa.

Ua lilo ʻo Occitanie i mea mana ma Iune 24, 2016, a loaʻa nā wahi a me ka heluna kanaka:

• Toulouse (479,553)
• Montpellier (285,121)
• Nimes (150,610)
• Perpignan (120,158)
• Béziers (77,177)
• Montauban (60,810)
• Narbonne (54,700)
• Albi (50,759)
• Carcassonne (47,365)

Aia ka wahi ma waena o nā pae mauna ʻelua, ʻo ka Massif Central ma ka ʻākau, a me Pyrenean foothills ma ka hema, a ma waena o ke Kaiwaenahonua a me ka Moana ʻAkelanika.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā waina ma ka ʻāina Languedoc-Roussillon he hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano ʻulaʻula koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi e like me Carignan, Cinsault, Grenache Noir a me Mourvedre. ʻO nā mea kanu i kēia manawa ʻo Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, a me Syrah. ʻO nā ʻano keʻokeʻo koʻikoʻi ʻo Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Rousanne Viognier a me Ugni Blanc me ka ulu nui o Chardonnay.

Moolelo Kamahao

ʻOiai ua loaʻa i kēia ʻāpana o Farani nā hoʻokō waina kaulana, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kona mōʻaukala, koe wale nō nā mea kākau moʻolelo a me nā kumu kula e kālele ana i ka ʻoihana waiwai a me nā kumu politika o ka ʻoihana waina.

Hōʻike ka noiʻi ua hoʻonoho mua ʻia ka ʻāina ʻo Languedoc-Roussillon e nā Helene nāna i kanu i nā māla waina ma kēia wahi i ke kenekulia 5 BC. Mai ka 4th a hiki i ka 19th century, ʻike ʻia ʻo Languedoc no ka hana ʻana i nā waina kiʻekiʻe akā ua loli kēia me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka makahiki ʻoihana i ka wā i pivoted ai ka hana ʻana. le gros rouge, ka waina ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i hoʻohana nui ʻia e hoʻomāʻona i ka poʻe hana ulu. Ua kaulana ʻo Languedoc no ka hana ʻana i nā plonk maikaʻi ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i nā pūʻali koa Farani i ka wā WWI. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hala kēia manaʻo i ka mōʻaukala, a ua hoʻopuka kēia wahi i nā waina maikaʻi. I kēia manawa, hana nā mea inu waina i nā waina mai nā ʻulaʻula o Bordeaux a i nā rosa i hoʻoikaika ʻia e Provence.

I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa iaʻu ka pōmaikaʻi e nānā i kēia ʻāpana o ka honua a ua hoʻolauna ʻia i ke ala biodynamic i ka ulu waina a me ka hana waina mai ka manaʻo o Gerard Bertrand. ʻO ka mea aʻu i ʻike ʻole ai, ʻo ia ka moʻolelo haunaele o ka ʻāina a me ke ʻano o nā hana a me nā hana o ke kenekulia 20th century i hoʻokumu i ka ʻoihana waina a me ke aupuni Farani i hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ke kūlana o ka ʻoihana waina i kēia manawa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Occitanie.

He Manawa Huhu

ʻAʻole mākou i manaʻo maʻamau i ka poʻe i loko o ka ʻoihana waina he poʻe kipi a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hakakā; akā naʻe, i ka makahiki 1907, ua alakaʻi nā mea hoʻoulu waina Farani mai Languedoc-Roussillon i kahi kūʻē nui i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 600,000 - 800,000 mau kānaka. I ka makahiki 1908, he miliona kanaka ka Languedoc haʻahaʻa, no laila, ua hōʻike kekahi o kēlā me kēia Languedocans ʻelua, e hoʻopau ana i ka ʻāina a hoʻokūkū i ka mokuʻāina.

ʻO nā mea hana waina Farani

No ke aha i "paʻa ai ka poʻe Farani?" Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou e nā waina i lawe ʻia mai ka panalāʻau Farani o Algeria ma ke awa o Sete, a me ka chaptalization (hoʻohui i ke kō ma mua o ka fermentation e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻona). Ua kipi nā lālā o ka ʻoihana waina, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hōʻikeʻike i nā pae āpau o ka ʻoihana - mai nā mea kanu waina a me nā limahana mahiʻai i nā mea nona ka ʻāina a me nā mea hana waina. ʻAʻole i ʻike ka ʻoihana waina i kahi pilikia mai ka wā i puka mai ai ka phylloxera (1870-1880). Ua pilikia ke kūlana: ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea inu waina ke kūʻai aku i kā lākou huahana e alakaʻi ana i ka nui o ka hana ʻole a hopohopo nā mea a pau e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

I kēlā manawa, manaʻo ke aupuni Farani he manaʻo maikaʻi ka lawe ʻana mai i ka waina Algeria ma ke ʻano he ala e hoʻoponopono ai i ka emi ʻana o ka hana waina Farani ma muli o ka phylloxera. Mai ka makahiki 1875 a hiki i ka makahiki 1889, ua luku ʻia ka hapakolu o ka nui o ka ʻāina kumu waina Farani e kēia aʻa ʻai nalo a ua emi ka hana waina Farani ma kahi o 70 pakeneka.

I ka laha ʻana o ka phylloxera, ua neʻe ka nui o nā mea kanu waina Farani i Algeria a hoʻolauna i kā lākou ʻenehana a me kā lākou akamai i ka ʻāina kahi i ulu ai nā hua waina mai ka millennium mua BC; akā naʻe, hoʻokumu nā kenekulia o ka nohoaliʻi ʻana o Muslim i kahi heluna kūloko i ʻai ʻole i ka waiʻona. ʻO ka nūhou maikaʻi? Ka inu waina ma Farani ua mau nō! Ma kahi hoʻāʻo pōkole e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia pōkole, ua paipai ke aupuni Farani i ka hana waina ma kāna kolepa Algeria ʻoiai e kaupalena ana i ka lawe ʻana mai Sepania a i Italia paha.

I ka wā i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka pilikia o ka phylloxera ma ke kālai ʻana i ke kumu aʻa ʻAmelika i nā waina Palani, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana waina Farani e hoʻi hou a hoʻihoʻi mālie ka hana ʻana i kahi pae mua o 65 miliona hectoliters. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomau nā waina Algeria i ke kahe ʻana i ka mākeke ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa (hōʻemi ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 pakeneka ma mua o 25 mau makahiki), i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea hana Farani.

Nā palekana

Ua makemake nā mea hana waina Farani i nā palena i kau ʻia i ka waina i lawe ʻia mai a hoʻomaka e hōʻike ma o nā kūʻē alanui a me ka hana ʻino (kuhikuhi nā hana) me nā kipi, ka hao, a me ke puhi ʻana i nā hale aupuni. i Iune 9, 1907, ua Kipi (Grande Revolte, Kipi o ka poe kanu waina Languedoc; ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka Paupers Revolt of the Midi) i komo pū me nā ʻauhau ʻauhau, ka hana ʻino, a me ka haʻalele ʻana o nā pūʻali koa he nui e hana ana i kahi lewa o ka pilikia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ke aupuni o George Clemenceau.

ʻOiai ʻo ke kipi ʻana he ʻāpana ʻāina, ua hopohopo ka National Assembly he hoʻouka kaua maoli kēia neʻe hema i ka Repubalika Farani. Ma ka pane ʻana i nā hōʻike, ua hoʻonui ke aupuni Farani i nā uku no ka lawe ʻana mai i ka waina mai Italia a me Sepania, ʻo ia kekahi hewa ʻē aʻe e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea lawe ʻole mai Algeria.

Eia hou, ua hele nā ​​mea hana Farani (e like me Bordeaux, Champagne a me Burgundy) ma hope o ke aupuni e "hoʻoikaika" iā lākou e hoʻōki i ka komo ʻana o nā waina Algeria e like me ko lākou makemake e pale i kā lākou mau mākeke "waina kiʻekiʻe". Ua koi lākou i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā kānāwai hou, e kākoʻo ana i nā ʻelele politika mai nā wahi i ʻae i ko lākou kūlana. He hoʻopunipuni kēia makaʻu a ua pau ka neʻe ʻana i ke kuʻikahi, ka hōʻeha a me ka mea i ʻike ʻia he lanakila no ka mokuʻāina waena.

Ua hana ke awa o Sete i mea hoʻoikaika no ka pilikia. ʻO kēia kūlanakauhale ke kikowaena o kahi wahi hana nui a ua hoʻonui ia i ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana ma o ka paipai ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua waina Aramon mai nā māla waina nui - e hana ana i ka leo. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka waina a me ka hana ʻana o Algeria mai 500,000,000 lita i ka makahiki 1900 a i ka 800,000,0000 i ka makahiki 1904. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waina hoʻopunipuni a me nā hui ʻana mai nā waina Algeria i hoʻopiha i ka mākeke mea kūʻai aku a piʻi aʻe nā mea lawe mai i ka makahiki 1907 me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaulike ma waena o ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ke koi. i ke kumu kūʻai a i ka hopena e hoʻoulu i kahi pilikia hoʻokele waiwai.

I ka makahiki 1905, ua hoʻoholo ke aupuni Farani i ke kānāwai no ka "hoʻopunipuni a me ka hoʻopunipuni," e kau ana i ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i ka waina "maoli". Pono ka Paukū 431 i ka waina i kūʻai ʻia e hōʻike maopopo i ke kumu o ka waina i mea e pale aku ai, "nā hana kalepa alakaʻi hewa," a ʻōlelo maopopo loa ua pili pū ke kānāwai iā Algeria. ʻO nā kānāwai ʻē aʻe e pale aku i nā mea hana waina i hoʻokomo i kahi loulou kikoʻī ma waena o ka "maikaʻi" o ka waina, ka ʻāina kahi i hana ʻia ai (terroir), a me ke ʻano hana kuʻuna, e hoʻokumu ana i nā palena kūloko o Bordeaux, Cognac, Armagnac a me Champagne ( 1908-1912) a i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā inoa inoa.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe hana waina ma Palani Hema ke pōmaikaʻi mai kēia mau kānāwai ʻoiai ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā waina Algeria. ʻAʻole makemake ke aupuni e kau i ka uku ma luna o nā waina Algeria no ka mea he hopena ʻino ia i ka pono o nā kamaʻāina Farani ma nā ʻāina ʻē a ʻaʻole i kūlike me ka hoʻohui ʻana o Algeria ma ke ʻano he panalāʻau Farani.

I ka hopena, ua liʻiliʻi ka hopena o nā kānāwai hou i nā mākeke waina Farani a ua hoʻomau nā waina Algeria i ka wai i nā mākeke Farani a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana waina ʻo Algeria, i kōkua ʻia e ke kānāwai e ʻae ana i nā panakō ʻaiʻai mahiʻai e hāʻawi i nā hōʻaiʻē waena a me ka wā lōʻihi i nā mea hana waina. Ua ʻaiʻē ka poʻe noho ʻEulopa ma Algeria i ka nui o ke kapikala a hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kā lākou mau māla waina a me kā lākou hana. ʻAʻole a hiki i ka wā i hoʻōki ai ke aupuni Farani i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waina ʻaʻole Farani mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui ʻana (i lawe ʻia e ke koena o ʻEulopa i ka makahiki 1970) ua emi iho ka hana waina ʻo Algeria. Eia kekahi, mai ka makahiki 1888 a hiki i ka makahiki 1893, ua hoʻolaha nā mea hana waina Midi i kahi hoʻolaha paʻi piha piha e kūʻē i nā waina Algeria e ʻōlelo ana ua ʻona nā waina Algeria i hui pū ʻia me nā waina mai Bordeaux. ʻAʻole hiki i nā Oenologists ke hōʻoia i ka koi; akā naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻia ka lono a hiki i ka makahiki 1890.

Ua huli ke aupuni o Algeria i ka Soviet Union ma ke ʻano he mākeke hiki ke loaʻa a ua hoʻokumu lākou i kahi ʻaelike 7 makahiki no 5 miliona hectoliters o ka waina i kēlā me kēia makahiki - akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai no nā mea inu waina Algeria e loaʻa ka waiwai; me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mākeke kūʻai aku, hāʻule ka hana. ʻAʻohe mākeke kūloko no ka mea ʻo Algeria ka ʻāina Muslin a ke hoʻomau nei.

ʻOiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kānāwai e ke kūlana me ka lawe ʻana mai o ka waina Algeria a me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ua lōʻihi ka hopena. I ka makahiki 1919, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi kānāwai inā hoʻohana ʻia kahi inoa e nā mea hana ʻole i ʻae ʻia, hiki ke hoʻomaka ʻia nā hana kānāwai e kūʻē iā lākou. I ka makahiki 1927, ua kau ke kānāwai i nā kapu i nā ʻano hua waina a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻoulu waina i hoʻohana ʻia no nā hua waina. I ka makahiki 1935, ua kaupalena ʻo Appellations d'Origine Controllees (AOC) i ka hana ʻana ʻaʻole wale i nā kumu kūʻokoʻa kikoʻī akā i nā pae hoʻolālā kikoʻī pū kekahi me nā ʻano hua waina, ka liʻiliʻi o ka waiʻona, a me nā hua waina kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻokumu kēia kānāwai i ke kumu o nā hoʻoponopono AOC a me DOC i mea koʻikoʻi i nā mākeke waina ʻEulopa (EU).

© Kauka Elinor Garely. ʻAʻole hiki ke kope ʻia kēia ʻatikala kope, me nā kiʻi, me ka ʻole o ka ʻae palapala ʻia mai ka mea kākau.

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