ʻO ka waina Bordeaux: Pivot mai ka poʻe i ka lepo

Ua hana ʻia ka waina ma ka ʻāina waina ʻo Bordeaux mai ka wā i noho ai nā Roma ma ia wahi (60 BC). ʻO nā Roma ka mea mua i kanu i nā māla waina (hiki ke loaʻa mai Rioja, Sepania) a hana i ka waina ma ia wahi. ʻOiai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka 1st century AD, mahalo ʻia nā waina kūloko a hāʻawi ʻia i nā koa Roma, a me nā kamaʻāina ma Gaul a me Beretania. Ma Pompeii, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o Amphorae e haʻi ana iā Bordeaux. Ua kūpono ia wahi no ka mahi ʻana i nā hua waina no ka waina me ka hui pū ʻana o ka lepo kūpono, ke ea moana, a me ke komo maʻalahi i ke kahawai ʻo Garonne i pono no ka lawe ʻana i nā waina i nā ʻāina Roma.

I ka makahiki 1152, ua mare ka hooilina o ka Duchy of Aquitaine, Eleanor o Aquitaine, i ke alii e hiki mai ana o Enelani, o Henry Plantagenet, i kapaia mahope o King Henry 11. Ma ka hopena o 1300s, ua lilo o Bordeaux i kulanakauhale nui a ma ka 14th century Bordeaux waina. ua lawe ʻia aku i ʻEnelani mai St. Emilion no ka leʻaleʻa o ka Mōʻī Edward I.

Ua hana ʻo Richard the Lionheart, ke keiki a Eleanor lāua ʻo Henry II, i ka waina Bordeaux i mea inu i kēlā me kēia lā, a ua ʻae ka lehulehu e kūʻai waina i ka ʻike ʻana - inā maikaʻi ia no ka Mōʻī, ua lawa ia no nā mea aloha waina Pelekane ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Nā Hoʻomaka Holani ma Bordeaux

He poe aloha ka Holani i ka waina Bordeaux; akā naʻe, ua hopohopo lākou i nā waina waiwai maikaʻi loa o ka inoa ʻo Bordeaux a he pilikia kēia no ka mea makemake ka poʻe Dutch i kā lākou waina e hāʻawi koke ʻia ma mua o ka hao ʻana. Ua makemake lākou i nā waina no ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa a ua hoʻopau koke kēia mau waina no laila ua loaʻa iā lākou ka manaʻo e puhi i ka sulfur i loko o nā barela, e kōkua ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka waina a mau loa. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia ka poʻe Dutch me ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokahe ʻana i nā mānoanoa a me nā puʻu, e ʻae ai i ka lawe wikiwiki ʻana i kā lākou mau waina Bordeaux a hoʻonui i ka māla waina a ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o nā waina Bordeaux.

E nānā iā Terroir

Ke ʻoliʻoli mākou i ke kīʻaha waina, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka hana ʻana i ka waina ma luna o ka lepo, nā hua waina, ka wā, a ʻoiai ua hana ʻia ka waina i loko o ka hale hana, ʻo ke kīʻaha waina maikaʻi loa e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka mea mahiʻai a me ka nā mea hana waina/ʻepekema e lawe ana i ka hua waina a, aneane like me nā alchemists, hoʻololi i ka hua liʻiliʻi i mau aniani ʻulaʻula, keʻokeʻo, rose, a me nā waina ʻālohilohi.

ʻO ka Viticulture ka ʻoihana mahiʻai

ʻO ka Viticulture kahi huaʻōlelo ākea e pili ana i ka mahi ʻana, ka pale ʻana, a me ka ʻohi ʻana i nā hua waina ma waho o nā hana. ʻO Enology ka ʻepekema e pili ana i ka waina a me ka hana waina, me ka fermentation o nā hua waina i loko o ka waina a paʻa ka hapa nui i loko o ka hale. ʻO ka māla waina kahi mea kanu o nā kumu waina hua waina i ulu ʻia no ka hana waina, nā huawaina, nā hua waina a me ka wai waina ʻole.

Ua ʻike ʻo Viticulture i kekahi o nā mea ulu kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai e pili ana i ka ʻeka a me ka waiwai i nā makahiki he 30 i hala iho nei a ʻo ia ka ʻoihana multibillion kālā honua.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ulu ʻana i:

1. hoʻonui i ke kālepa honua

2. hoʻomaikaʻi i ka loaʻa kālā honua

3. hoʻololi i nā kulekele

4. nā hana ʻenehana i ka hana ʻana, mālama, a me ka lawe ʻana

5. ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huahana e alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana hou a me nā huahana olakino, i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻike nui aʻe i nā pono olakino o nā meaʻai i waiwai i nā antioxidants e like me nā hua waina.

ka puka waiwai

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hua waina kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana ʻoi loa a me ka moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi o ka honua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻoihana ʻoihana waina ma luna o nā pili pili ʻāina-climate-cultivar rapports a i kēia manawa ke ulu nei ka hopohopo e hiki i ka hoʻomehana honua ke hoʻololi hou i kēia mau ʻāina, e hoʻokuke iā lākou i nā latitu kiʻekiʻe a me nā kiʻekiʻe e ʻimi ai i nā mahana wela.

ʻO nā cultivars nā ʻano mea kanu i mahi ʻia a hānai ʻia e ke kanaka. Hana ʻia lākou i ka wā e lawe ai nā kānaka i nā ʻano mea kanu a hānai iā lākou no nā ʻano kikoʻī (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻono, ka waihoʻoluʻu, ke kū'ē i nā mea ʻino). Hoʻoulu ʻia ka mea kanu hou mai ka ʻoki ʻana i ke kumu, grafting a i ʻole ka moʻomeheu kiko. Hana ʻia ka mea kanu a hiki i ka ikaika a ʻike ʻia ka ʻano i makemake ʻia.

ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole he ʻano o ka mea kanu i ulu kūlohelohe a ulu ʻia mai ka ʻanoʻano - loaʻa nā ʻano like me ka makua mea kanu.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano hua waina i nā hua waina i mahi ʻia a pili i nā cultivars ma mua o nā ʻano botanical maoli e like me ka International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivate Plants no ka mea ua hoʻolaha ʻia lākou e nā ʻokiʻoki a he nui nā mea hoʻohua paʻa ʻole.

Nā mea kanu a me nā ʻano like ʻole

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano hua waina waina ka pae wela maikaʻi loa e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana pono i nā waina kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻoihana. ʻOiai e mahana ana ka ʻāina ma waho o nā pae maikaʻi loa, e emi ana ka maikaʻi o ka waina. I mea e ola ai ka ʻāina, pono ia e hoʻololi, me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele e mālama i ka maikaʻi o ka hua a me ka waina a/a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu i kūpono i ke ʻano maʻamau hou aʻe.

Poino ʻOihana Hoʻomehana honua

ʻO ka hāʻawi hou ʻana i nā wahi e ulu ana i ka waina he mea pōʻino ia no nā ʻoihana kūloko. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā cultivars hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui ʻia no ka mea e lawe mai lākou i ka ʻokoʻa o nā waina e wehewehe i kahi ʻike ʻāina.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pae wela maikaʻi loa e ka paepae haʻahaʻa e pono ai e oo i ka hua a hiki i ka paepae o luna ke alakaʻi i nā hua ʻoi aʻe (a ʻino paha). Pono e komo i loko o ka hua oo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kō (e hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka waiʻona ma o ka fermentation) a me nā metabolites lua e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻike waina (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka waihoʻoluʻu, nā mea ʻala, ka ʻono, ka waha). ʻO ka hopohopo, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela ke hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hua a me ka maikaʻi o ka waina. I ka makahiki 1980 ua hoʻomaka ka piʻi nui ʻana o ke kō a ua hoʻomau.

ʻOiai ua ʻike ka mōʻaukala ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo Bordeaux, no nā kenekulia, ua loaʻa ka hui kūpono o kahi ea kūpono, ka mahiʻai, ka hana ʻana a me ke kālepa e hana ai i nā waina maikaʻi loa, aia kekahi poʻe i hoʻoholo e, "he ʻāina waina maikaʻi ia no ka mea ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e ” (Hugh Johnson, Vintage: The Story of Wine). 

Hoʻopuka ʻo Bordeaux i ka hapakolu o ka waina maikaʻi o Farani a hana ʻia mai ka hui ʻana o Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon a me Cabernet Franc. Hoʻololi ka hoʻololi i ka maikaʻi o ka waina a hoʻoholo pinepine i nā wahi ulu waina maikaʻi a puni ka honua. ʻO ke aniau maikaʻi loa no ka ulu ʻana i nā hua waina i hiki ke hana ʻia i waina ʻano kiʻekiʻe ke hiʻohiʻona i ka hoʻoilo pulu, ʻoluʻolu a me ke anuanu, a ukali ʻia e nā pūnāwai mahana a laila mahana a hiki i ke kauwela wela me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ua.

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi no Bordeaux, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma ka ʻāina ʻo Bordeaux i ka hapa ʻelua o ke kenekulia 20 he mea maikaʻi no ka hana waina kiʻekiʻe; akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aniau a me ke ʻano o kēia wā no ka hana ʻana i ka waina me nā pōʻino o ka ʻoihana mahiʻai i manaʻo ʻia he ʻoi aku ma mua o US $16 biliona me kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi hapakolu o nā poho i loaʻa ma Farani.

Ke kū nei nā mea kanu waina ʻo Bordeaux i nā kumukūʻai o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi ea wela a ke noiʻi nei lākou i nā holomua i ka genetics, breeding, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka māla waina e kōkua i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i kekahi o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi papahana hānau e nānā ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu waina pale wela. . ʻO nā hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai he:

1. Hoʻemi i ka huki ʻana o nā lau no ka pale ʻana i nā pūʻulu mai ka lā

2. ʻOhi i ka pō

3. Hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻohi ʻana

4. Hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu waina

5. E hoemi ana i na mea kanu

6. Hoʻonui i ke ʻano olaola ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pipi

7. Hoʻokumu i kahi hui me Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux e pale i nā manu a paipai i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa e ʻai i nā ʻōpala a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe i loko o ka māla waina, e hōʻemi ana i ka pono o nā pesticides.

8. Paipai ʻia ʻo Haute Valeur Environmentale (High Environmental Value) o ka HVE kahi i hōʻoia ʻia ai nā ʻōnaehana māla waina e like me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ola like ʻole a me nā kumu hoʻolālā mālama mea kanu.

He moʻolelo kēia e pili ana i ka waina Bordeaux.

E heluhelu i ka ʻāpana 1 ma aneʻi:  ʻO nā waina Bordeaux: Hoʻomaka me ka hoʻoluhi

© Kauka Elinor Garely. ʻAʻole hiki ke kope ʻia kēia ʻatikala kope, me nā kiʻi, me ka ʻole o ka ʻae palapala ʻia mai ka mea kākau.

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