Ke puka mai nei nā hōʻailona o kahi moʻomeheu kahiko i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau i ʻoki ʻia o Amazon. Ua ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 260 mau ala nui, nā ʻauwai a me nā pā mai ka lewa ma kahi ʻāpana e pili ana i ka palena o Brazil me Bolivia.
ʻO ka manaʻo kuʻuna ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka poʻe Sepania a me nā Pukiki i ka 15th century ʻaʻohe hui paʻakikī i ke kahawai ʻo Amazon - ʻokoʻa me ka Andes ma ke komohana kahi i kūkulu ai nā Incas i ko lākou mau kūlanakauhale. He moʻolelo ʻē aʻe ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ululāʻau, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huakaʻi ea a me nā kiʻi ukali.
"ʻAʻole ia e pau," wahi a Denise Schaan o ke Kulanui Federal o Pará ma Belém, Brazil, nāna i hana i nā mea hou mai nā mokulele a i ʻole ma ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi Google Earth. "I kēlā me kēia pule ʻike mākou i nā hale hou." ʻO kekahi o ia mau mea he huinahā a ʻehā paha, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i nā pōʻai concentric a i ʻole nā kiʻi geometric paʻakikī e like me nā hexagons a me nā octagons i hoʻopili ʻia e nā alahele a i ʻole nā alanui. Hōʻike nā mea noiʻi iā lākou āpau he geoglyphs.
NA KULANAKAUHALE
ʻO kā lākou loaʻa ʻana, ma kahi ʻāpana o Bolivia akau a me ke komohana ʻo Pasila, e pili ana i nā hōʻike hou loa o nā ʻāpana nui o nā kauhale pili i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā kūlanakauhale kīhāpai" ma ka ʻākau waena ʻo Brazil, mai ka makahiki 1400 AD. ʻAʻole like like a me ka geometric e like me nā geoglyphs, wahi a Schaan.
"Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au ʻaʻole pili pono nā kūlanakauhale māla o Xingu a me nā geoglyphs," wahi a Martti Pärssinen o ka Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes ma Madrid, Sepania, e hana pū ana me Schaan. "Akā naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike ʻelua he nui ka poʻe o [uka] o Amazonia komohana ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ʻEulopa."
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā geoglyphs e nā ʻauwai a hiki i 11 mika ākea a me 1 a 2 mau mika ka hohonu. Aia lākou mai 90 a 300 mau mika ke anawaena a manaʻo ʻia mai ka 2000 makahiki aku nei a hiki i ke kenekulia 13.
NOHO KANAKA
Ua ʻeli ka ʻeli ʻana i nā seramika, nā pōhaku wili a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe o ka noho ʻana o ke kanaka ma kekahi o nā kahua akā ʻaʻole ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ʻia kēia he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko kekahi, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale.
ʻAʻole maʻamau no nā hale pale, akā naʻe, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka honua ma waho o nā ʻauwai, a ua ʻano like ʻole lākou. "Ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe e pili ana i ka pale ʻana ke kūkulu wale nei ʻoe i ka pā a i ʻole ka ʻauwaha," wahi a Schaan. “ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e hana i nā helu ʻana i mea e pōʻai ai a i ʻole ka huinahā like." Aia ka nui o nā hale i ke kūkulu ʻākau, a ke noiʻi nei ka hui inā he koʻikoʻi ko lākou.
"ʻO ka hapa nui o nā moʻomeheu kahiko i loaʻa i ka muliwai a ua lōʻihi ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa a nānā ʻole ʻia ka Amazon ma ia ʻano," wahi a Colin McEwan, ke poʻo o ka ʻāpana ʻAmelika ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekane ma Lākana.
NA AHAHUI PONO
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻike ʻia ua kūkulu ka poʻe Amazonian i nā pyramid a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo i kākau ʻia e like me ka hana ʻana o nā hui ma ʻAigupita kahiko a i ʻole Mesopotamia, "ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka nohona a me ka noho ʻana o ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole kēia he nahele maʻemaʻe me ka nomadic kaʻawale. ʻohana", wahi a McEwan. "He mau moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi kēia, noho ʻole a i ka wā lōʻihi loa nā moʻomeheu kūleʻa."
ʻOiai aia kekahi mau wahi Inca ma kahi o 200 mau kilomita ma ke komohana o nā geoglyphs, ʻaʻohe mea Inca i loaʻa ma nā wahi hou. ʻAʻole like lākou me nā geoglyphs Nasca o Peru.
"ʻAʻohe oʻu kanalua ʻo kēia wale nō ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻili," wahi a Alex Chepstow-Lusty o ka French Institute for Andean Studies ma Lima, Peru. "Ke hele mālie nei ka nui o nā hui pre-Columbian ma Amazonia a e kāhāhā mākou i ka nui o ka poʻe e noho ana ma laila, akā ma ke ʻano hoʻomau. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka nahele e hōʻike ana i kēia mau ʻano hoʻonohonoho noho mua-Columbian ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻoweliweli i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manawa e hoʻomaopopo pono ai iā lākou.
