Ma ka buke Deuteronomy, ua heluia ka hua o ke kumuwaina e like me kekahi o na hua pomaikai ehiku i loaa ma ka aina o ka Iseraela.

Wahi a ka Buke Helu, ua hoʻouna ʻo Mose i nā kiu e ʻike i ka ʻāina i hoʻohiki ʻia. Ua hoʻi mai lākou me nā pūʻulu hua waina nui loa, a ua kau ʻia lākou mai kahi lāʻau a hāpai ʻia e nā kāne ʻelua. I kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻo Carmel Winery a me ke Aupuni ʻIseraʻela i kēia kiʻi i kā lākou hōʻailona. Ua koho ʻia nā hua waina i mea hōʻailona e kahe ana ka ʻāina me ka waiū a me ka meli; nā loulou waina kekahi o na pomaikai ʻO ka ʻāina i hoʻohiki ʻia - ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i nā mamo a ʻIseraʻela.

A laila hele mai ʻo King David (3000 BCE, ma kahi o) ka mea i hōʻike ʻia he hale waihona waina nui me kahi limahana i koho ʻia e koho i nā waina no kāna ʻai (ʻo ka sommelier mua o ka honua?). Ua kāpae ʻia ka hana waina i ka makahiki 600 BC e ka hoʻouka kaua Islam a ua luku ʻia nā māla waina o ka ʻIseraʻela. Ua ʻae ʻia nā mōneka e noho ana i loko o nā hale mōneka a me nā kaiāulu Iudaio e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka hoʻomana hoʻomana e hoʻokomo i ka waina no ka hana ʻahaʻaina - akā - ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe.

Ka waina mai ka Iseraela mai ua lawe ʻia aku i Roma i ka wā Roma a ua hoʻōla hou ʻia ka ʻoihana i ka wā o ka mana o nā Crusaders (1100-1300). ʻOiai ua hoʻomaka hou ka waina, ʻo ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana o ka Ottoman Empire (1517-1917) ua hoʻopau piha i ka hana waina ma ʻIseraʻela no 400 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki i ke kenekulia 19 (1848) i wehe ʻia kahi hale waina ma ʻIseraʻela e Yitzhak Shor; ʻo ka mea pōʻino, ua hoʻohana wale ʻia ka waina no nā hana hoʻomana. ʻO ka hope, ua ʻike ʻo Baron Edmond James de Rothschild i hānau ʻia ma Farani i ka manawa kūpono no ka ʻoihana waina ma ʻIseraʻela a ʻo ke koena ka mōʻaukala.

Ua ʻike nā Rothschild e pili ana i ka waina - ʻo ia ka ʻohana ma hope o Bordeaux, Farani, Château Lafite Rothschild. ʻO kā lākou mau piliona kālā (e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1877) i loaʻa nā māla waina a me nā manawa hoʻonaʻauao i hiki i nā kamaʻāina ke aʻo pehea e hana ai i ka waina maikaʻi ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka ikaika a me ke kākoʻo o ka ʻohana Rothschild i hoʻāla i ka ʻoihana waina ʻIseraʻela a ua hoʻomaka ʻia ʻo Carmel Wine Company i ka makahiki 1895, kūʻai aku i nā waina o Rishon LeZion a me Zichron Yaʻakov, e hoʻokumu ana i nā waina hou o ka ʻIseraʻela.

I ka makahiki mua o 1900, ua kālele ʻo ʻIseraʻela i ke kūʻokoʻa (i Mei 1948, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo ʻIseraʻela he aupuni kūʻokoʻa) a ua hoʻōki ʻia ka hana waina. ʻO ka hope loa, i nā makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka hou ʻia a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenehana hana waina hou i ka hana ʻana i ka waina no ka leʻaleʻa a ʻaʻole ka mea inu ʻona wale no nā kumu hoʻomana. I ka makahiki 1980, ua lawe ʻia nā poʻe loea Kaleponi i ʻIseraʻela e hoʻolauna i nā ʻenehana hou i hopena maikaʻi i ka hale waina a me ka māla waina. I ka makahiki 2000, ua lilo ka waina ʻIseraʻela i mea hoʻoweliweli i ka hana ʻana i ka waina mai nā māla waina hoʻokahi a me ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona mai nā ʻāpana pākahi i loko o kahi māla waina.

ʻOhi ʻia ʻo ʻIseraʻela ma kahi o 60,000 tons o nā hua waina a hoʻopuka ʻia ma luna o 40 miliona mau hue waina i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Kākoʻo ka ʻoihana i 70+ mau hale kūʻai ʻoihana a me nā ʻumi waina nui loa e hoʻomalu i ka 90 pakeneka o ka hana. He $70+ miliona ka waiwai o ka lawe ʻana aku. Ma luna o 55 pakeneka o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu aku i ka USA, ma kahi o 35 pakeneka e kuhikuhi ʻia i ʻEulopa a ʻo ke koena e hoʻouna ʻia i ka Hikina Hikina.

Na ano o ka Iseraela

ʻO ka ʻIseraʻela he Mānākau hikina aina e pili ana i ke Kaiwaenahonua ma ke komohana a ua hoopuniia e Lebanona, Suria, Ioredane, a me Aigupita ma ka akau, komohana, a me ka hema. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻāina ma kahi o 7,992 sq. mile a hohola 263 mile mai ka ʻākau a i ka hema, e kākoʻo ana i ka heluna kanaka o 8.5 miliona mau kānaka. ʻO nā pae mauna ka mauna Heremona/Golan Heights, mauna Merona ma Galilaia luna, a me ke Kai Make, ka lae haʻahaʻa loa ma ka honua. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka lā, nā puʻu, a me nā wahi mauna e hōʻike ana i ka lepo o ka limestone, terra rossa (ʻulaʻula, pālolo a lepo lepo me nā kūlana pH kūʻokoʻa me nā ʻano wai hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi), a me ka lua pele e hana ana i paradaiso waina.

ʻO ka ʻāpana momona o ka ʻāina he ʻano ʻāina Mediterranean e pili ana i nā kauwela maloʻo lōʻihi a me nā hoʻoilo ua pōkole me ka hau e ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Golan Heights, Upper Galilee a me Judean Hills. ʻOi aku ka hapalua o ka ʻāina i ka wao nahele ʻo Negev a aia nā wahi semi-arid. ʻO ka hopena nui o ke aniau ʻo ia ke Kai Mediterranean me ka makani, ka ua, a me ka haʻahaʻa mai ke komohana. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka ua i ka hoʻoilo a ma muli o ka nele o ka ua i ka wā ulu, pono ka hoʻoinu hānai kulu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ka ʻIseraʻela i ka makahiki 1960 a ua hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa a puni ka honua.

Ma ka Malawaina

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā māla waina i kanu ʻia i nā makahiki he 25 i hala e like me kahi maʻamau: 1.5 mika ma waena o nā kumu waina a me 3 mau mika ma waena o nā lālani. ʻO ka nui o ka pā waina maʻamau he 2220 mau kumu waina no ka ʻeka. Aia kahi makemake no ka ʻohi ʻana i ka mīkini e hiki ai ke hoʻopau i ka ʻohi pō i loko o kekahi mau hola, i ka manawa kūpono loa, a lawe ʻia i ka hale waina i ka mahana anuanu o ke kakahiaka nui.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka canopy ma kahi ʻāina wela a pono e hoʻemi i ka ikaika o nā kumu waina a pale i nā hua waina mai ka ʻike nui ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā māla waina ʻo ka cordon spur i ʻoki ʻia ma kahi kūlana pana kū i VSP. Ua kanu ʻia kekahi mau māla waina kahiko i loko o ke kīʻaha kīʻaha kumu waina, a ma nā Puʻu ʻo Judean, ua kanu ʻia kekahi mau māla waina ma nā ʻanuʻu pōhaku. ʻAʻole pono paha nā māla waina kahiko i ka wai no ka mea ua ʻeli hohonu nā aʻa o nā kumu waina i ka lepo pōhaku i nā makahiki a loaʻa ka wai e pono ai. ʻOhi lima ʻia kēia mau kumu waina.

Waina Renaissance

I kēia manawa, ʻo Karemela ka ʻoihana waina nui loa ma ka ʻIseraʻela, e hoʻomalu ana ma kahi o 50 pakeneka o ka mākeke kūloko, a ʻo ia ke kolu o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana nui o ka ʻIseraʻela ma ka nui o ke kūʻai ʻana (Dunn & Bradstreet, Israel), me ke kūʻai ʻana o $59.2 miliona a me ka ulu makahiki o 5. pākēneka +/-. Hoʻopuka ʻo Karemela ma kahi o 20 miliona mau hue i ka makahiki; ʻO ka mea hoʻokūkū kokoke loa ʻo Barkan-Segal winery.

He hoʻomaka haʻahaʻa ko Karemela. Ua hoʻomaka ka hui i ka makahiki 1895 a lawe aku i nā waina i Polani, Austria, Great Britain, a me ka US. I ka makahiki 1902, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ʻo Carmel Mizrahi ma Palesetina e kūʻai aku a hāʻawi i nā waina i nā kūlanakauhale o ka Ottoman Empire.

Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua lawa nā waina ʻo Carmel e hōʻike ʻia ma ka International Exhibition of Berlin ma kahi pā hale i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i nā ʻoihana o ka kolone Iudaio ma Palestine. Ua kipa aku nā tausani i ka hōʻikeʻike a inu i ka waina ʻo Rishon Le Zion o Karemela. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua mālama ʻia kahi hōʻikeʻike hou ma Hamburg kahi i hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ai nā waina a ka poʻe noho a lanakila ʻo Rishon LeZion i ka mekala gula ma ka Paris World Fair (1900). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻonui ʻo Karemela i kāna hana me nā lālā ma Damaseko, Kairo, Beirut, Berlin, Lākana, Warsaw, a me Alexandra.

Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā kūʻai aku i ke Kaua Honua Mua. I ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ua emi nā kūʻai aku i ka lilo ʻana o ka ʻoihana i kahi mākeke nui ma Rusia (mau hakakā kaua), ma ka US ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pāpā ʻana, a ma ʻAigupita a me ka Middle East, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka nationalism Arab. Eia hou, ua huki ʻia nā māla waina ʻIseraʻela a kanu hou ʻia me nā lāʻau citrus.

Ua hoʻomaka ke Kaua Honua ʻElua i ka ʻoihana waina a ua hoʻololi nā nalu o nā malihini i kā lākou inu inu. I ka makahiki 1957, ua hana ʻo Baron Edmond de Rothschild i ʻelua mau hale kūʻai waina i ka Cooperative of Winegrowers, ka Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma lalo o ka inoa kālepa ʻo Carmel Mizrahi ma ʻIseraʻela a me Karemela ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻO nā waina ʻono me ka manaʻo hoʻomana he hua heleuma Karemela; akā naʻe, me ka puka ʻana mai o ka honua hou i ka hana ʻana i ka waina, ua hoʻomaka nā mea hana waina ʻIseraʻela e ʻimi i nā varietal hou. Ma ka makahiki 1971 ua lawa maikaʻi ʻo Cabernet Sauvignon a me Sauvignon Blanc e hōʻike ʻia ma ka mākeke US.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua ʻike ka 1980s i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka ʻoihana waina akā ua hiki i nā mea inu waina ke hoʻihoʻi hou i ka waena o nā makahiki he ʻumi i ka ulu ʻana o ka noi no nā waina maikaʻi a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻenehana hana waina e nā mea inu waina e hiki ai i nā waina o ka ʻIseraʻela ke hoʻokūkū ma ka kahua honua.

Na Karemela

Na Karemela no ka 'Aha o ka Hui Vine-growers Union (75 pakeneka) a me ka Jewish Agency for Israel (25 pakeneka). ʻO ka hui makua ʻo Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves Richon Le Zion a me Zikhron Yaʻakov Ltd.

ʻO ka wahi mua o Karemela ʻo Rishon LeZion Winery, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1890 e Baron de Rothschild, a lilo ia i hale ʻoihana kahiko loa ma ka ʻIseraʻela e hoʻohana mau nei. ʻO ia ka ʻoihana mua e hoʻokomo i ka uila a me ke kelepona a ʻo David Ben-Gurion (ke kuhina mua o ka ʻIseraʻela) he limahana.

Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ʻo ia ka ʻoihana waina nui loa ma ʻIseraʻela (hua waina, ʻuhane, a me ka wai hua waina) a ʻo ka mea hana nui loa o ka waina kosher ma ka honua. Ua lanakila ka ʻoihana i nā mekala ma mua o nā mea hana waina ʻē aʻe o Israel.

Loaʻa iā Carmel Winery nā māla waina a puni ka ʻIseraʻela a ua komo lākou i kekahi o nā kahua māla waina maikaʻi loa ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka awelika o ka ʻohi ʻana o Karemela ma kahi o 25,000 tons o nā hua waina, ma kahi o 50 pakeneka wale nō o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a ka ʻIseraʻela. ʻO nā wahi e ulu ana i ka waina i manaʻo ʻia i waena o nā mea maikaʻi loa ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke anuanu.

Karemela. ʻono o ka ʻIseraʻela

Karemela. 2020 Hoʻopiʻi. Cabernet Sauvignon, Galilaia luna. Waina ʻulaʻula maloʻo. Kosher no ka moliaola, Mevushal. Hoʻonui i ka fermentation me nā ʻili; ʻelemakule ma nā ʻoka ʻoka Farani no 12 mau mahina. ʻAʻole hoʻopaʻi ʻia ka waina a kānana nui ʻia ma mua o ka ʻōmole; Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka sediment kūlohelohe i ka wā o ka oʻo ʻana o ka hue.

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo kosher ʻo ia ka "maʻemaʻe." ʻO nā mākeke i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā Iudaio orthodox e mālama nei i nā kānāwai Dietary Iudaio. Hiki i nā waina Kosher ke papa honua, loaʻa nā helu maikaʻi loa a lanakila i nā makana honua. Hana ʻia nā waina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana like me nā waina non-kosher. Ma ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi, ʻaʻole pili ka inoa kosher.

ʻO Galilaia he ʻāina hoʻomalu a me ka waina ma ka ʻākau o ʻIseraʻela. ʻO ka "wai i waina" kahi kumuhana o ka ʻāina e pili ana i ka moʻolelo o ka male ma Kana, kahi i hoʻololi ai ʻo Iesu i ka wai i waina. Aia nā ʻano ʻāina i nā ʻiliʻili hoʻoheheʻe manuahi, ka limestone a me ka basalt lua pele waiwai nui. Hōʻike ʻia ka wahi e nā kiʻekiʻe pōhaku ma luna o 450 mika (1500 kapuaʻi). ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe ʻoluʻolu a me ka ua kiʻekiʻe ma kēia wahi e hiki ai i nā hua waina ke mālama i ko lākou ʻakika a hoʻohua i ka waina hou a ikaika.

Notes

ʻO ka poni ʻulaʻula i ka maka a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā blueberries hou e hauʻoli i ka ihu, me ka cassis. Hāʻawi maikaʻi ka waina i nā hua ʻala, momona a me ka ʻono ʻono (e noʻonoʻo i ka Australian Shiraz, Chateauneuf-du-Pape) i ka palale mahalo i nā manaʻo o ka pepa, nā mea ʻala, nā ʻala, nā cherry hou, nā plums a me ka ʻili. Maikaʻi ke inu i ka wā e kamaʻilio nui ai a i ʻole e hui pū me nā steaks, a me ka pasta ʻiʻo-sauce.