Ke hakakā nei nā limahana o ʻApelika Hema ma ka ʻāpana waina i nā kūlana hana maikaʻi ʻole no nā limahana mahiʻai ma kekahi mau māla waina ma ka ʻāina a ke kākoʻo nei nā mea kūʻai waina i kā lākou hana.

E like me ka Human Rights Watch (HRW), ʻO nā limahana mahiʻai waina a me nā huaʻai ma ʻApelika Hema e noho nei i nā hale kūpono ʻole no ka noho ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia i nā pesticides me ka ʻole o nā lako palekana kūpono, ua kaupalena ʻia (inā loaʻa) ke komo ʻana i nā hale lua a inu wai paha i ka wā e hana ana a he nui nā pale i ka hōʻike ʻana e nā uniona. .

Waiwai waiwai

Hoʻonui ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā miliona miliona i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻApelika Hema; akā, ʻo ka poʻe nāna e hoʻopuka i ka waiwai kekahi o ka poʻe uku haʻahaʻa loa ma ka ʻāina. Wahi a ka ʻikepili o Paris-based Organization of Vine and Wine (OVI, 2021), ʻo ʻApelika Hema ka ʻewalu ma waena o nā ʻāina hana waina nui loa o ka honua, ma mua o Kelemania a me Pokukala, ma hope o Australia, Chile, a me Argentina.

ka ʻoihana waina ma Western and Northern Cape hāʻawi iā R550 billion (ma kahi o US $30 billion) i ka hoʻokele waiwai kūloko a hoʻohana ma kahi o 269,000 poʻe. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili makahiki he 1.5 miliona tons o nā hua waina i ʻoki ʻia, e hana ana i 947+/- miliona lita o ka waina. Hoʻopaʻa kūʻai hale kūʻai 430 miliona lita o ka waina; ʻO ka nui o nā kūʻai kūʻai aku he 387.9 miliona lita.

Aia he 546+/- i helu ʻia ma ʻApelika Hema me 37 wale nō e ʻohi ana ma luna o 10,000 tons o nā hua waina (e hana ana i 63 mau pahu waina no ke tona; 756 mau hue no ke tona). ʻO ka hapa nui o ka waina i hana ʻia he keʻokeʻo (55.1%) me Chenin Blanc (18.6%); Kolombar(d) (11.1%); Sauvignon Blanc (10.9%); Chardonnay (7.2%); Muscat d'Alexandrie (1.6%); Semilona (1.1%); Muscat de Frontignan (0.9%); a me Viognier (0.8%).

Ma kahi o 44.9% o nā māla waina o ʻApelika Hema e hana i nā ʻano ʻulaʻula e like me Cabernet Sauvignon (10.8%); Shiraz/Syrah (10.8%); Pinotage (7.3%); Merlot (5.9%); ʻO Ruby Cabernet (2.1%); Kinau (1.9%); ʻO Pinot Noir (1.3%) a me Cabernet Franc (0.9%).

He mea hoihoi ia ke ʻike ʻoiai ʻo ʻApelika Hema he mea hana i ka waina maikaʻi, ʻo ka mea inu ʻawaʻawa i koho ʻia ma waena o ʻApelika Hema he pia (75% o ka nui o ka inu ʻawaʻawa), a ukali ʻia e nā mea inu hua ʻona a me nā mea hoʻoluʻu ʻuhane (12%). ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waina he 10% wale nō, me nā ʻuhane e hele mai ana ma hope o 3%.

Hua waina makemake

Waina Keʻokeʻo

ʻO Chardonnay ka 7.2% o nā mea kanu māla waina. ʻO Chardonnay ke ʻano o ke kino waena a hoʻonohonoho ʻia; akā naʻe, makemake kekahi mau mea hana e hana i ke ʻano Old World (kaumaha a me ka lāʻau), a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e koho i kahi ala New World (ʻoi aku ka māmā a me ka ʻole).

ʻO ka hua waina Chenin Blanc kekahi o nā māla waina waina mua i hoʻokomo ʻia i Cape e Jan van Riebeek (ke kenekulia 17). He ʻakika kiʻekiʻe kona e hoʻolilo iā ia i hua waina maʻalahi no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano waina like ʻole mai ka maloʻo, maloʻo, a ʻālohilohi a hiki i nā waina momona kaulike. He kiʻekiʻe ka hua, maʻalahi, a ulu ma ka ʻāina kūpono ʻole no nā ʻano hua waina keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe.

Ua kanu ʻia ka Colombar(d) varietal ma ʻApelika Hema i ka makahiki 1920 a ʻo ia ka lua i kanu nui ʻia ma ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he waina kumu no ka hana brandy a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20 i ka wā i ʻike ai ʻo Cape Winemakers hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi waina inu ʻoluʻolu me ka ʻawaʻawa maikaʻi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kahi ʻike hou, hua, a hoihoi. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia mai ke ala ʻana o Chenin Blanc me Heunisch Weiss (aka Gouias Blanc).

Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Sauvignon Blanc ma ke ʻano he waina ʻoluʻolu a hōʻoluʻolu. ʻO nā moʻolelo mua ma Cape mai ka makahiki 1880; akā naʻe, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā māla waina i ʻoki ʻia a kanu hou ʻia i nā makahiki 1940. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻano ke kolu o ka waina keʻokeʻo i kanu ʻia ma ʻApelika Hema a holo nā ʻano mai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka mauʻu i ka māmā a me ka hua.

Waina Ulaula

Ua hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ʻo Cabernet Sauvignon ma'Akelika Hema i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1800. Ma ka 1980s ua lilo ia i 2.8% o nā māla waina a pau; i kēia manawa ua loaʻa ia ma 11% o nā māla waina. Hoʻopuka ka varietal i nā waina maikaʻi loa e ulu maikaʻi me ka makahiki a oʻo i loko o kahi ʻano ʻono ʻono, piha piha, paʻakikī. Loaʻa nā waina mai ka ikaika me nā ʻala ʻala, nā mea ʻala a me nā mea kanu ma ka palale, a i ʻole palupalu a puni ʻia me nā memo hua. Loaʻa nō hoʻi ia i loko o nā hui ʻano Bordeaux.

Hoʻomaka ʻo Shiraz/Syrah i ka makahiki 1980. ʻO ia ka lua o nā ʻano hua waina ʻulaʻula i kanu ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka 10% o nā mea kanu i hoʻāla ʻia e ka Australian Shiraz kaulana i nā makahiki 1980. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like me ka uahi, a me ka ulu ʻana i ka wā; hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā hui ʻano Rhone.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Merlot ma ke ʻano he pā waina ʻeka hoʻokahi i ka makahiki 1977 a ua hoʻonui ʻia a loaʻa ma kahi o 6% o nā māla waina ʻulaʻula. Ua oo mua ia, he ili lahilahi, a ua ma'alahi i ka maloo e ulu ana a pa'akikī ka hana. Hoʻohana maʻamau i ka hui ʻana i ke ʻano Rhone e hoʻohui i ka palupalu a me ka laula iā Cabernet Sauvignon, e hoʻonui ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he varietal hoʻokahi ma ke ʻano maʻamau i ke ʻano māmā me ke ʻano o ka mea kanu hou.

ʻO Pinotage kahi mea kanu ʻApelika Hema i hana ʻia e Professor Abraham Perold ma 1925 a he keʻa ma waena o Pinot Noir a me Hermitage (Cinsault). I kēia manawa, hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi o 7.3% o nā māla waina. ʻAʻole kaulana ʻo Pinotage i nā mākeke kūʻai aku akā he punahele ma ka ʻāina. Hiki i nā hua waina ke hoʻohua i nā waina paʻakikī a me nā hua waina i ko lākou wā ʻelemakule akā hiki ke inu i ka wā ʻōpiopio. ʻO nā ʻano inu maʻalahi Pinotage e hoʻopuka i nā waina rose a me ka ʻālohilohi. ʻO ia ka mea nui o ka hui ʻana o Cape i 30-70% o ka waina i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻApelika Hema.

waiwai hoʻolilo

Ma 2020, ma kahi o 16% o ka waina i hana ʻia i lawe ʻia (480 miliona lita). Ua hōʻea ka pae ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi mai nā mākeke ʻApelika a me ka hoʻolālā o ka ʻoihana e ulu i nā mea hoʻopuka. Ua piʻi ka ulu ʻana o ka waina i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻApelika mai 5% i 2003 a i 21% i 2019. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau ʻia kēia i ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka African Continental Free Trade Agreement (i hala i 2021) a lilo i hana (2030). Hōʻike nā lāhui lālā i kahi mākeke kūpono o 1.2 biliona mau kānaka a me kahi huahana kūloko nui o $ 2.5 trillion. ʻO ia ka hopena o nā kūkākūkā he nui i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 2015 ma waena o nā alakaʻi o 54 mau aupuni ʻApelika.

He kuʻikahi kālepa kūʻokoʻa ko ʻApelika Hema me ka EU a hoʻokuʻu aku i ka US ma o ka ʻaelike duty-free ma lalo o ka Africa Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA. ʻO ka mea kūʻai nui loa he waina nui a ʻo ka EU ka mākeke nui loa.

ʻO nā hui e kū nei i ka ʻoihana waina:

• 'Ahahui ona Waiona Waiona o Aferika Hema (SALBA). ʻO nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolaha i nā huahana waiʻona e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka makemake maʻamau (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke aupuni no nā mea hoʻoponopono).

• Kākoʻo ʻo South Africa Wine Industry Information Systems (SAWIS) i ka ʻoihana waina ma o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ka nānā ʻana, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike ʻoihana; ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana Wine of Origin o ka ʻoihana.

• VINPRO. ʻO nā mea hana waina, nā hale waihona puke, a me nā mea e pili ana i ka ʻoihana e pili ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka loaʻa kālā a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā lālā a me ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike loea, nā lawelawe kūikawā mai ka ʻepekema lepo a hiki i ka viticulture, ʻoihana mahiʻai, hoʻololi, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana).

• Waina o ʻApelika Hema (WOSA). Hōʻike i nā mea hana waina e hoʻokuʻu aku i kā lākou huahana; ʻike ʻia e ke aupuni ma ke ʻano he Export Council.

• Winetech. ʻO ka pūnaewele o nā hui komo a me nā poʻe e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻoihana waina ʻApelika Hema me ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻololi ʻenehana.

He ʻanuʻu i loko o ka waina ʻApelika Hema

Ma kahi papahana waina ʻo New York Astor Wine Center ʻApelika Hema, ua hoʻolauna ʻia au i kekahi mau waina hoihoi mai ʻApelika Hema. ʻO kahi manaʻo no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka honua o nā waina ʻApelika Hema e komo pū ana:

• 2020. Carven, the Firs Vineyard, 100% Syrah. Makahiki o na kumu waina: 22 makahiki. Mahiai waina. Organic/hoomau. He 10 mau mahina ma ka 5500L French tonneau (barela; lahilahi me ka mana o 300-750 liters). Stellenbosch.

ʻO Stellenbosch ka mea nui a kaulana i ka ʻāina hana waina ma ʻApelika Hema. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao kahakai o Western Cape, ʻo ia ka lua o ka noho ʻana o ʻApelika Hema ma hope o Cape Town a kaulana loa no kāna mau ʻāina waina.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma kapa o ka muliwai ʻo Eerste i ka makahiki 1679, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia no ke Kiaʻāina, ʻo Simon van der Stel. Ua hōʻea ka poʻe kūʻē Huguenot Farani e holo ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomana ma ʻEulopa i Cape, a loaʻa ko lākou ala i ke kūlanakauhale i ka makahiki 1690, a hoʻomaka lākou e kanu i nā kumu waina. I kēia lā, ʻo Stellenbosch ka home o kahi kokoke i ka hapalima o nā kumu waina a pau i kanu ʻia ma ka ʻāina.

Paipai ka ʻāina i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano waina me nā meso-climates. ʻO ka lepo he granite, shale, a me ke one ma muli o ka lepo a ʻo ka lepo kahiko kekahi o nā mea kahiko loa ma ka honua. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao mauna ka nui o ka granite decomposed, e pale ana i ka wai a hoʻohui i ka mineral; ʻO nā papahele awāwa he pālolo kiʻekiʻe me nā waiwai mālama wai maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka lawa ʻana o ka ua i ka hoʻoilo e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke mālama i ka wai i ka liʻiliʻi.

Ka Waiona

Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Mick lāua ʻo Jeanine Craven i kā lāua ʻoihana waina i ka makahiki 2013, a hoʻopuka i ka māla waina hoʻokahi, nā ʻano waina like ʻole e hōʻike ana i nā terroir like ʻole a puni Stellenbosch. Na Deon Joubert ma ke awāwa ʻo Devon ka hale waina ʻo Firs Vineyard. He momona, hohonu, a ʻulaʻula ka lepo me ka pālolo kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomohala ana i kahi ʻike paʻakai a me ka ʻiʻo e mahalo nui ʻia e ka poʻe Syrah.

ʻOhi lima ʻia nā ʻāʻī waina a hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka hui holoʻokoʻa i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hao kuhili ʻole. Hehi wāwae ʻia nā pūpū e ʻohi i kahi wai a hahai ʻia e nā pumpovers mālie hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha i kēlā me kēia lā e hōʻemi i ka unuhi ʻana a mālama i nā pūpū holoʻokoʻa e like me ka hiki.

Ma hope o ʻeiwa mau lā e kaomi mālie ʻia nā hua waina i loko o nā puncheons Farani kahiko (ka nui o ka barela; paʻa i 500 lita o ka wai; ʻelua ka nui o ka pahu waina maʻamau) no ka oʻo ʻana no kahi o 10 mahina. Hoʻopili ʻia ka waina me ka ʻole o ka fining a i ʻole ka kānana akā me kahi hoʻohui liʻiliʻi o ka sulfur.

Notes:

ʻO Ruby ʻulaʻula i ka maka, ʻike ka ihu i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka bele pepa, nā mea kanu, ka uahi, ka mineral, ka ʻoka, a me ka blackberry; nā tannins waena. Loaʻa ka cherry a me ka raspberry, nā plums, a me ka jam i ko lākou ala i ka palale me ka hopena waena me nā manaʻo o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

Ke poʻo a i ʻole ka holomua ʻana

• Ke kū nei ka ʻoihana waina o ʻApelika Hema i nā mea ʻoiaʻiʻo paʻakikī i ke kaulahao waiwai:

1. ʻAʻohe aniani

2. Nā pilikia e hoʻokuʻu/kau mai ma ke awa o Cape Town

3. Hoʻohālikelike ma waena o ka piʻi ʻana he 15% o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai mahiʻai a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumu kūʻai waina he 3-5%

4. Ke ulu nei i ka mākeke hewa

• No ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka pōmaikaʻi o ʻApelika Hema, pono e:

1. E neʻe i kahi kūlana premium ma ka mākeke honua

2. E kālele ana i ka ulu ʻana

3. E hooikaika no ka hoomau kaiapuni a me ke kālā

4. E noiʻi a hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana hana akamai i mea e paʻa ai ka wā e hiki mai ana

5. E kanu i nā mea kanu kūpono a me nā clones ma nā kahua kūpono me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kumu kumu hoʻomanawanui maloʻo.

6. E hoʻohana pono i ka wai ma o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana nānā e ana mau ana inā, i ka manawa, a me ka nui o ka wai.

7. Hoʻokomo i nā kānaka ma o ke aʻo ʻana

8. E hoʻohana i ke ʻano hoʻohālike hoʻomākaukau no ka inu a noʻonoʻo i ka nui o ka lawelawe ʻana, ke ʻano, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana a e noiʻi i nā manawa kūpono no nā huahana mākaukau no ka inu ʻana i ka maʻa maʻamau, carbonated, a hui pū ʻia.

9. Ke emi mai nei ka heluna kanaka inu waina; akā naʻe, ke lilo nei kekahi poʻe mea kūʻai aku i ka hana a me ka hilinaʻi premium, kākoʻo ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o nā manawa inu ma ka home

10. Ke alakaʻi nei ka poʻe kūʻai aku i ka Millennial a me Gen Z i ke ʻano o ka inu ʻawaʻawa a me ka waina ʻawaʻawa ʻole.

11. Ke ulu nei a ke ulu nei nā kahawai E-kālepa; ʻO nā polokalamu hoʻolaha pūnaewele ke kaulana loa e hāʻawi ana i nā manawa e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike brand

12. ʻO ka mākaʻikaʻi waina e komo i kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā o ka ʻoihana

13. Pono nā hale kūʻai waina SA e hoʻohālikelike iā lākou iho e kūʻē i ka wā e hiki mai ana a me ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka ʻike ʻike mākaʻikaʻi waina ma ke ʻano o ka haku mele ʻana, nā helu malihini kipa, a me nā lilo.

Ke kani nei ka uaki. ʻO kēia ka manawa e hopu ai i ka manawa kūpono e neʻe ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.