Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia paha ka paʻa o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Islamic State (IS) i loko o ka puʻuwai o ka Hikina Waena, akā ua ulu a pālahalaha ka hoʻoweliweli honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻoweliweli Islamist.
Hōʻike ka huli hanana ʻana i ka hapa nui o ka hoʻouka kaua Islamist e hana nei ma ka Hikina Waena a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau (MENA), me nā hanana 2,273 ma waena o 30 ʻApelila 2017 a me 30 ʻApelila 2018. ke emi nei.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻea ʻo Asia Pākīpika a me ʻApelika i nā helu o nā hanana i hana ʻia, ʻoiai pinepine ʻia ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia a kāohi ʻia hoʻi. ʻO kekahi mau lāhui EU e piʻi i mua i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.
Aia nā kumu he nui ma hope o kēia, me ke kaulike ʻana o nā hui pūʻali koa Islamist e kū nei ma lalo o ka hae IS, ka hoʻi ʻana o kekahi mau mea hakakā IS i ko lākou homelands a me nā dynamics kūloko o nā hakakā e kū nei. ʻO ka hopena o nā mea hakakā IS ma ke ʻano teritorial o ka hui ma ʻIraka a me Suria i hōʻemi ʻia.
ʻOiai ua heʻe kekahi o lākou, ua nui ka poʻe i make i ka hala ʻana o ka pōmaikaʻi o ka hui. ʻO ke kaua no Kobane ma 2015 i ʻike ai i ka pilikia nui mua loa no IS i ka wā i luku ʻia ai ka ea o US e nā tausani koa IS i make. ʻO nā kaua ma hope mai ka nui o nā poʻe make a me ka lele. ʻAʻole maopopo ka helu a me ka hopena o ka poʻe i holo.
Ua hoʻāʻo nā mokuʻāina he nui e alualu i nā kamaʻāina i huakaʻi i Suria a me ka poʻe i hoʻi. Aia nā ʻāina komohana i waena o nā kuhi manaʻo paʻa loa (Fig.1). Pono e manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kahi helu ʻike ʻole, e hoʻi ana paha i ka home a i ʻole ke huakaʻi ʻana i nā hale keaka ʻē aʻe o kahi kipi. ʻO ka nui o nā hōʻeha Islamist extremist i nā ʻāpana o ʻApelika a me ʻĀkia-Pākīpika ma 2017 - 2018 e hōʻike nei i kahi piʻi nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2013, ma mua o ka puka ʻana o IS o ka honua.
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli mai ka hoʻoweliweli Islamist ma ʻAmelika e haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hōʻike wale ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. ʻEhā mau hoʻouka kaua wale nō i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 2017 a me ka nui o nā hoʻouka kaua i kēlā me kēia makahiki i hala ʻole ma mua o nā kiʻi hoʻokahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mākaukau o nā pū i loko o ka US e hana i ka hiki i kahi mea hana i kēlā me kēia kumu e hoʻoneʻe i kahi hoʻouka kaua nui e like me ka hanana ʻo Orlando night club 2016 i make ai 49 mau kānaka.
Eia nō naʻe, haʻahaʻa ka hanana o ka hoʻouka kaua Islamist. ʻO Gun / firearm ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻouka kaua no nā hana hoʻoweliweli ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa (47%), a ukali ʻia e nā mea pahū improvisive (IED) (21%) a me nā hoʻouka mortar (13%).
ʻO IS a me nā pūʻali koa i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hui e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho mai nā mea hana hewa ʻē aʻe e ko lākou makemake e hōʻemi i ke ola o ke kanaka, pinepine pinepine.
Kūleʻa lākou i nā makaʻāinana i kahi manawa ʻole, pinepine i nā wahi lehulehu, a hoʻouka kaua i nā pūʻali koa palekana a me nā waiwai koa. Ke nānā nei i nā ʻano hana hoʻoweliweli a pau, ke aupuni, ka pūʻali koa a me nā pūʻali koa palekana a me kā lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā papa inoa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka honua. ʻO ke kūʻai aku a me ke ala (nā kaʻa a me nā pono hana) i luna o ka papa inoa o nā ʻāpana kīwila i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻoweliweli - ma o ka pololei a i ʻole ma waena o nā pōʻino collateral - ma muli o ko lākou kokoke i nā wahi a pau, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hāmeʻa pahū ma nā alanui i kekahi mau ʻāina.
I ka EU, ʻoi loa ka hana a nā Islamist extremist ma Palani, Sepania, a me UK me nā hōʻeha hōʻeuʻeu kaʻa i nā wahi lehulehu e like me ka maʻa mau ʻoi loa, e like me ka hanana ma Las Ramblas wahi o Barcelona, Sepania, i luku ʻia 14 mau kānaka a ua hōʻeha ʻia 120 mau kānaka ʻē aʻe.
Ua hele aku kahi pōkā pepehi kanaka nui ma ka Manchester Arena, UK, i Mei 2017, a ua luku ʻia he 22 mau kānaka a hōʻeha ʻia he 64. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hōʻeuʻeu Islamist i hōʻeuʻeu i ka EU e pili ana i nā leʻaleʻa a me nā hoʻokipa hoʻokipa a me nā wahi lehulehu i hele pinepine ʻia e ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hoʻouka kaua e pili ana i ka ʻāpana kaʻaahi kaʻaahi / nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pahū ma ke kaʻaahi laina Apana kokoke i ke keʻena ʻo Parsons Green, Lādana, i Kepakemapa i hōʻeha ʻia he 30 mau kānaka, a me kahi hoʻouka kaua ma ke Central Station o Brussels i Iune kahi ʻelua haʻahaʻa -ʻo nā pahū nui i hana ʻia me ka ʻole o nā mea make a ʻo kahi kāne e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻopahu i kahi IED i hoʻonoho ʻia i loko o kahi pahu lole ua kī ʻia e nā pūʻali koa palekana.
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia-Pākīpika, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā pūʻali Islamist e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻokō kānāwai a me nā waiwai koa. ʻO kahi hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō ka hopena pololei a i ʻole ka hopena i nā ʻoihana. ʻO ka hapa nui o ia mau mea pili i nā ʻoihana alanui a me nā kaʻa, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻonaʻauao (nā kula, nā kula, nā pā kula) a me nā waiwai kūʻai. ʻO nā hanana e hoʻopilikia ana i ka ʻāpana mokulele (ʻo ia ka mea nui ma Afghanistan) e kuhikuhi pinepine i nā kahua kaua ma nā mokulele, me ka hopena ʻole i ka ʻoihana. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hoʻouka kaua ʻana e ka poʻe kipi Taliban ma Hamid Karzai International Airport ma Kabul i Iulai 2017 i pepehi i hoʻokahi kanaka a hoʻopau i nā hana ʻoihana. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā pūʻali Islamist ma ʻApelika e pili pū ana i nā kaʻa a me nā ʻōnaehana alanui e like me nā alahaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Nigeria, Mali, Kenya a me Somalia.
Hele mai ka ʻāpana hoʻokipa ma ka lua (me ka hapa nui o nā hanana ma Somalia a me Mali), a ukali ʻia e nā hale kūʻai. ʻO kahi hoʻouka kaua ma Le Campement mākaʻikaʻi huakaʻi, Bamako, Mali, i Iune 2017, kahi i pepehi ai ka poʻe kipi Islamist i ʻelima mau kānaka a hōʻeha i 12, ʻoiai e lawe pio ana i 32 mau mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā waiwai mokulele ma Somalia a me Mali. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli Islamist ma ʻAmelika aia wale nō ma US a me Kanada. Hoʻouka kaua i ka Port Authority Bus Terminal ma New York City i Dekemaba 2017, kahi i hōʻeha ai kekahi kanaka i ʻekolu mau kānaka me kahi pōkā homemade; he ala kaʻa kaʻa ma Manhattan, New York City, kahi i hoʻokele ai kekahi kanaka i kahi kaʻa i nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā kukini i ʻOkakopa 2017, make ʻewalu mau kānaka a hōʻeha i 12 mau mea ʻē aʻe; a me nā wahi hele wāwae ma Edmonton, Alberta, i Kepakemapa 2017, kahi i hōʻeha ʻia ai ʻeono mau kānaka.
Puna: Kaohi Makai
