ʻO kahi ʻaoʻao maikaʻi
Aia ma 500 mile ma ke komohana o Morocco, Madeira he mokupuni Pukiki aia ma ka moana Atelanika. ʻO kona mau ʻāina kupanaha, me nā mauna ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā pali kupaianaha, a me nā kūlanakauhale kahakai nani, ua lilo ia i wahi hoʻomaha kaulana ma ʻEulopa.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o Madeira ʻo kāna waina, ka mea i kaʻana like i kona inoa me ka mokupuni. He moʻolelo koʻikoʻi ka waina ʻo Madeira i ka makahiki 19, i ka wā i manaʻo ʻia ai he inu o ka elite. Ua ʻimi ka poʻe waiwai a me ka ʻike o ia manawa i ka waina ʻo Madeira ʻaʻole wale no kona ʻono maikaʻi akā no kona kūlana a me ka maʻalahi i hōʻike ʻia.
Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā waina ʻo Madeira no ko lākou ʻano ʻokoʻa. Hele mai lākou ma nā ʻano like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me kona ʻano ʻono ʻokoʻa. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau waina no ko lākou mau waihoʻoluʻu momona, mai ka amber hohonu a hiki i nā hue gula, he mea hoʻowalewale i ka ʻike. ʻO nā mea ʻala o nā waina ʻo Madeira he mea hoʻonaninani like, me nā memo o nā hua maloʻo, caramel, nati, a me nā mea ʻala e hana ai i kahi bouquet paʻakikī. ʻO ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale maoli ai i ka waina ʻo Madeira ʻo kona lōʻihi loa. ʻAʻole like me nā waina ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka waina ʻo Madeira ke hoʻomāhuahua i nā makahiki he mau makahiki, inā ʻaʻole he mau kenekulia, me ka nalowale ʻole o kona ʻano. Ua makemake nui ʻia ka waina ʻo Madeira e nā mea hōʻiliʻili a me kēia poe puni waina.
I ka hoʻomakaʻana
I ka 18th he kenekulia, ua ʻokoʻa ka inoa o ka waina ʻo Madeira mai kona kūlana o kēia wā. I loko o kēia wā, ua manaʻo mau ʻia ʻo ia he waina papaʻaina kūpono a maikaʻi ʻole. Ua hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kumu waina keʻokeʻo pono, a no ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kala a me ka ʻono i makemake ʻia, hoʻohui pinepine nā mea waina a me nā mea kūʻai aku i nā nui like ʻole o ka pono ʻulaʻula.
Ua hoʻololi nui ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka 18th i ka 19th kenekulia, he manawa i hōʻailona ʻia e ke kau inoa ʻana o ke Kuikahi Methuen (ʻike ʻia ʻo Port Wine Treaty) ma waena o ʻEnelani a me Pokukala. ʻO kēia ʻaelike ʻāina ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o Pokukala e hoʻopau i kāna pāpā ʻana i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā lole huluhulu Pelekane, ʻoiai ua hoʻohiki ʻo ʻEnelani e hāʻawi i ka mālama maikaʻi ʻana i nā waina Pukiki ma ke kau ʻana i ʻelua hapakolu wale nō o ka ʻauhau lawe mai e pili ana i nā waina Farani. ʻO kēia hoʻonohonoho e hoʻomau mau loa. Inā ʻaʻole hoʻokō ʻo ʻEnelani i kāna mau ʻōlelo hoʻohiki, ua mālama ʻo Pokukala i ke koho e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā hulu hipa Pelekane.
Pākahi
I ka makahiki 1807, ua lawe ʻo Beretania i ka mana o Madeira a ua hōʻailona kēia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka waina ʻo Madeira e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, kahi huahana i hoʻonani ʻia e nā oenophiles. ʻAʻole ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka waina ʻo Madeira ka hana a kahi "genius" mehameha. Akā, ua hopena ia ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika like ʻana e pili ana i kahi ʻupena Atlantika paʻakikī o nā mea hana, nā mea hoʻolaha, a me nā mea kūʻai aku e komo i nā kūkākūkā ola me kekahi. ʻO kēia hoʻololi ʻana he hana hoʻokele waiwai i alakaʻi ʻia e nā makemake pāʻoihana a me kahi hanana pilikanaka.
He koʻikoʻi ko ke kālepa Trans-Atlantic i kēia hoʻololi ʻana, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana ākea a ʻike ʻole. He kaʻina hana hoʻoikaika ia i ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻololi mau ʻana a i kekahi manawa hoʻoweliweli i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kūʻai. Hoʻopili kēia hoʻololi i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o kēia mau mea kūʻai, hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻouna ʻia, a me ke ʻano o ka puʻunaue ʻia, mālama ʻia, hōʻike ʻia, a hoʻopau ʻia.
ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka waina ʻo Madeira i lilo i mea mahalo nui ʻia i nā kenekulia ma hope mai, ʻo ia ka huahana o ka hana like ʻole a me ka hui pū ʻana, i hana ʻia e nā pilina a me nā kamaʻilio ʻana o nā poʻe ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka Atlantika. He hōʻike ia i ka mana o ka ʻike like ʻana, nā mea hou, a me nā ʻono e ulu nei o ka manawa, e hoʻololi ana iā Madeira mai kahi waina papaʻaina haʻahaʻa i mea inu kaulana.
He Kaʻina Hana Paʻakikī
ʻO ke aniau o Madeira, me kona mau kauwela wela a me nā hoʻoilo haʻahaʻa, he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ke kaʻina hana o ka waina. Ua kahiko ʻia ka waina i loko o nā pahu ʻoka a ua kau ʻia i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻoluʻu kū hoʻokahi i kapa ʻia ʻo estufagem, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻono ʻokoʻa a me ke ʻano e kaulana ai ka waina ʻo Madeira.
ʻO ka hana waina ʻo Madeira kahi kumu haʻaheo no ka ʻāina, a ʻo ia ka huahana waiwai o ka mokupuni.
Mālama ʻia ka māla waina ma Madeira e hōʻoia i ka hana ʻana i nā hua waina kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i kēia waina ʻokoʻa. Kū pinepine ʻia nā māla waina ma nā pali pali, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka mahiʻai waina akā maikaʻi.
ʻO ka hana waina ʻo Madeira he hana paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i nā kenekulia a ua loaʻa iā ia ka mahalo honua no kāna mau ʻono ʻokoʻa a me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi.
1. ʻO nā ʻano hua waina: Hana ʻia ka waina ʻo Madeira mai nā ʻano hua waina like ʻole, hāʻawi kēlā me kēia i kāna mau hiʻohiʻona ponoʻī i ka huahana hope. ʻO nā ʻano hua waina mua i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana waina ʻo Sercial, Verdelho, Bual (a i ʻole Boal), a me Malvasia (ʻike ʻia ʻo Malmsey). Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano hua waina me kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka waina ʻo Madeira, mai kahi maloʻo a ʻono.
2. ʻO kaʻili: He lua pele ka lepo, momona, a waiwai loa i na mea ola.
3. Ka Mahi waina: Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia nā māla waina ma Madeira ma nā pali pali e hoʻonui i ka ʻike ʻana o ka lā. ʻO ka lepo pele o ka mokupuni, i hui pū ʻia me kona ʻano kū hoʻokahi, he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka mahi ʻana i ka hua waina.
4. Harvesting: ʻOhi ʻia nā huawaina ma ka lima, maʻamau i ka hopena o ke kauwela a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, ke hiki lākou i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka oʻo i makemake ʻia. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka manawa o ka ʻohi ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia o ka waina ʻo Madeira.
5. ʻO ka ʻohi waina: Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ʻoki ʻia nā hua waina, a lawe ʻia ka wai i kapa ʻia ʻo "pono". Pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā pahu fermentation no ka hana hou ʻana.
6. Pākaha: I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻomohu pinepine ʻia ka waina ʻo Madeira i loko o nā pahu lāʻau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hana hou e pili ana i nā pahu kila kila. Hiki ke ho'ōki i ke kaʻina hana fermentation i nā pae like ʻole e hoʻokō i nā pae like ʻole o ka ʻono a maloʻo paha i ka waina hope.
7. Hoʻoikaika: Ke hoʻokō ʻia ka pae ʻono i makemake ʻia, hoʻopau ʻia ka fermentation me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻuhane hua waina a i ʻole brandy. Hoʻopau kēia kaʻina i ka hū mai ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kō a pau i loko o ka waiʻona, e mālama ai i ka ʻono o ka waina.
8. ʻO ke ola: Ua ʻelemakule ka waina ʻo Madeira i loko o nā pahu ʻoka, pinepine i kahi ʻāina mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa, e hoʻolalelale ana i ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka waina i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo "estufagem," e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka waina a laila e ʻae iā ia e maʻalili. Hāʻawi kēia kaʻina hana i nā ʻono a me ke ʻano o ka waina ʻo Madeira.
9. Hoʻohui: He hana koʻikoʻi ka hui ʻana i ka hana ʻana i ka waina ʻo Madeira, no ka mea e hiki ai i nā mea hana waina ke hana i nā waina kūpono a kaulike. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano waina like ʻole a me nā ʻano hua waina e loaʻa ai nā ʻano ʻono i makemake ʻia.
10. Hoʻokaʻawale: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā waina ʻo Madeira ma muli o ko lākou ʻano hua waina a me ka pae ʻono. ʻO nā ʻano nui ʻehā ʻo Sercial (maloʻo), Verdelho (medium-dry), Bual (medium-sweet), a me Malvasia (sweet).
11. ʻO ka ʻōmole a me ka ʻelemakule: Ma hope o ka hui ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka waina ʻo Madeira i loko o nā hue, e ʻae iā ia e palupalu a hoʻomohala i ka paʻakikī. Ua ʻike ʻia ka waina ʻo Madeira no kona ʻelemakule maikaʻi loa, a hiki i kekahi mau ʻōmole ke ʻelemakule no nā makahiki a i ʻole mau kenekulia.
12. Ka inoa o ke kumu: Aia i loko o 450 mau ʻeka o nā māla waina, kahi o ka ʻano hua waina koʻikoʻi, nona ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o ka heluna o ka māla waina, ʻo Tinta Negra. ʻO nā ʻano hua waina maikaʻi ʻē aʻe he keʻokeʻo a pau: Sercial, Verdelho, Boal, a me Malvasia.
13. mea hoʻolilo: Hoʻomaka i ka 18th kenekulia, kaulana ʻo Madeira i ka hapa nui o nā ʻaha ʻEulopa, ʻo ʻEnelani, Farani a me ʻAmelika. I loko o kekahi o nā pāʻani manawa ʻole a Shakespeare, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo King Henry IV, ka mea poina ʻole ʻo Falstaff, no ke kūʻai ʻana i kona ʻuhane no kahi wāwae moa momona a me kahi kīʻaha waina maikaʻi o Madeira.
Ke kuleana o Madeira ma ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika
ʻO Madeira kahi mea inu i makemake nui ʻia ma waena o nā kolone ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 18th kenekulia. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka wā o ke kau inoa ʻana o ka Hōʻike Kūʻokoʻa (1776). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo John Hancock, kekahi o nā mea hōʻailona, no kona aloha iā Madeira a ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua ʻai pū me ia ma hope o ke kau ʻana i kāna pūlima ma ka palapala mōʻaukala.
Ua makemake nui ʻo George Washington, ka Pelekikena mua o ʻAmelika. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i lawe mai a hoʻopau i ka nui o Madeira, lawelawe ʻo ia ma ka mauna ʻo Vernon, kāna waiwai, a ua hōʻike nui ʻia i kāna mau ʻaha kanaka.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka diplomacy a ʻo Thomas Jefferson, ʻoiai e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he Kuhina ʻAmelika i Farani, ua ʻike ʻia e loaʻa nā ʻōmole makana o nā waina ʻo Madeira i nā diplomats a me nā luna, e hoʻohana ana ia mea i mea hana no ka diplomacy a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pilina.
ʻO ke kālepa o Madeira kahi mea nui o ke kālepa ʻAmelika mua. ʻO nā mea kālepa i komo i ka lawe ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o Madeira i kōkua i ka hoʻomohala waiwai o ka lāhui ʻōpio.
ʻOiai ua loli ka kaulana o Madeira i ka US i nā kenekulia, he hōʻailona ia o ka moʻomeheu colonial a me ka moʻomeheu ʻAmelika mua, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka elite a me ka conviviality o ka lehulehu.
I koʻu manaʻo
1. Pereira D'Oliveira. Mavasia 1990
Kū haʻaheo ʻo Oliveira ma ke ʻano he hui ʻo Madeira Wine kūʻokoʻa e kaena ana i kahi hōʻiliʻili kupaianaha o nā hue waina a Madeira Wine a me nā barela i hoʻi mai i ka makahiki 1850, aia nā mea āpau no ke kūʻai kūʻai. Hana ʻia a hoʻonani ʻia me ka pena lima paʻakikī i ka makahiki 2018, ua oʻo maikaʻi ʻo Mavasia 1990 i loko o nā palena laʻa o nā pahu ʻoka Farani. Loaʻa kēia mau pahu i ko lākou keʻena kapu i loko o ka hale hoʻokipa waina hanohano o ke kenekulia 17 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka puʻuwai o Funchal mōʻaukala.
Ke kali nei ka leʻaleʻa i kou mau maka i kēia waina, me kona hue hoʻohiwahiwa o ka ʻeleʻele caramel māmā. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano olfactory i kahi symphony ʻala o nā mea ʻala, me nā huawaina momona, ka meli, nā ʻalani candied, nā mea ʻala maikaʻi, nā hua maloʻo, a me kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi o ka waikawa e ulana ana i kahi tapestry hoihoi. Ke hoʻopā ka wai i kou ʻāʻī, wehe ia i kahi symphony o nā mea ʻono - nā nutty nuances, nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka ʻala, ka momona o ka maple syrup, ka ʻōlinolino o ka mandarin, a me ke ʻano o ka ʻili ʻalani.
Me ka ʻelemakule maikaʻi o 20 mau makahiki i hala, ua hoʻohiki kēia Mavasia nani e hoʻomanawanui no nā makahiki he mau makahiki e hiki mai ana, he hōʻike maoli i ka hana hoʻomau mau o D'Oliverira.
2. HM Borges. Tinta Negra 2005 Sweet
Hoʻopuka wale ʻia mai nā hua waina ʻo Tinta Negra i ʻohi ʻia ma nā pali nani o Estreito de Camara de Lobos a me ke kahakai hema o ka mokupuni ʻo Madeira, ʻo HM Borges Madeira Wine e hana i kahi kaʻina fermentation meticulous e hiki ai i nā tannins ke hoʻoheheʻe me ka maikaʻi i ka wā e hiki ai i ka fermentation ʻona nui.
Hana ʻia i loko o ka Demarcated Region of the Madeira Archipelago (PSR), ʻo kēia waina paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kaena nei i ka ʻona waiʻona mai ka 17 a 22 pakeneka, he hōʻike i kona ʻano ikaika a me ka ʻono opulent.
I ka nānā ʻana, hoʻohauʻoli kēia waina me kāna mau kala hoʻohiwahiwa, e hoʻololi ana mai kahi caramel wela hohonu i kahi beige ʻoluʻolu i hoʻokomo ʻia me nā ʻōniʻoniʻo o ka ʻalani a me ka melemele, e hana ana i kahi ʻike ʻike nani. Ke lawe ʻoe iā ia i kou ihu, ʻike ʻia kahi symphony o nā ʻala hoʻowalewale, me ka pumehana o ka lāʻau, ka ʻono ʻono o ka caramel, ka nani gula o ka meli, a me ka ʻala ʻala o nā ʻalemona. E hōʻike ʻia ka ʻimi hoʻolāʻau hoʻonaʻauao i nā memo o nā fiku momona, citrus hoʻoikaika, honeysuckle maikaʻi, a me kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā mea ʻala, nā mea a pau e hui pū ana i kā lākou mau mele ʻala. ʻO kahi manaʻo maʻalahi o ka marmalade e hoʻohui i ka hohonu a me ka paʻakikī i kēia huakaʻi ʻala, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ana i ka manaʻo o ka waina.
