Nui nā mea i kamaʻilio ʻia, a kūkākūkā ʻia e pili ana i ka ulu ulu huakaʻi a Sri Lanka, a me ka hemahema o ke kanaka e hiki mai ana i mua o ka ʻoihana. I kēia manawa kahi hana pilikino pilikino, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e You Lead (o ka USAID) i hōʻike ʻia i kahi palapala ākea a me ka palapala ākea e pili ana i ka pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i kekahi o kēia mau pilikia. (Ke alakaʻi nei ʻoe: Sri-Lanka-Hoʻokipa a me ka Hoʻokipa Hana Hana Hoʻokūkū Roadmap-2018-2023).
ʻOiai paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o nā helu kikoʻī a me nā loiloi ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻike kūpono, ʻae ʻia ia ma kahi o 100,000 mau limahana pololei hou aʻe i nā pae like ʻole e pono ai e lawelawe i ka ulu ulu o ka mākaʻikaʻi i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. (Economy Next 3)
ʻO nā kikoʻī palapala ʻāina i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei no ka manawa mua, kahi ʻike ʻoihana pilikino o ka mea e pono ai ke hana, me nā hanana maopopo a me nā hoʻolālā hana. Loiloi ia i ka hemahema e hiki mai ana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, loiloi i nā wahi aʻo i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina, he aha nā hemahema, a pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia mau hemahema. Kākoʻo pū ʻia ia i ka pono e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻike ikaika i waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio e pili ana i nā hana ʻokoʻa i ka ʻoihana hoʻokipa no nā mea hana.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona i hoʻopā ʻia ma kēia palapala ʻāina ka nui o nā mākaukau Sri Lankan e hana ana ma nā ʻāina ʻē, a me nā hoʻolālā e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻowalewale iā lākou ke pau kā lākou ʻaelike. Ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi kūkākūkā nui e pili ana i ka exodo o nā limahana hoʻokipa maikaʻi i aʻo ʻia i ka Hikina Waena a me Maldives.
No laila ua manaʻo ʻia he manawa kūpono kēia e kūkākūkā ai i kēia pilikia ma nā kikoʻī kikoʻī i loko o kahi monograp.
KA PUKA MAKAI SRI LANKAN
ʻO ka hana maʻamau kūloko
He mea kaulana kaulana ia he nui ka heluhelu heluhelu o ka Sri Lanka o 95% (Keena ʻoi ʻOihana Hoʻonaʻeau) me kahi limahana o 8,249,773 ma luna o nā makahiki 18 (Keʻena Heluhelu a me nā Heluhelu 2016). ʻO ka helu hana ʻole ma kahi o 4.5%.
"Ua hōʻole ka helu o nā wahine e komo ana i ka limahana o Sri Lanka i ka 36 pakeneka i ka 2016 mai ka 41 pākēneka i ka makahiki 2010" e like me ka World Bank. ʻOi loa ka haʻahaʻa o kēia ma mua o ka awelika o ka honua 54% (World Bank: Labour force wahine komo 2016). I nā lāhui Asia hiki kēia ma muli o ka male, mālama keiki, a me nā hana pili home a me ka hoʻokae kāne.
Hana haole
ʻO ka lawe kālā ʻana o nā poʻe Lankan e hana ana ma kahi ʻē i kuleana nui i ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻo Sri Lankan. I kēia lā ua lilo nā limahana limahana i mea loaʻa kālā nui loa ma Sri Lanka a ʻo ka koena uku o ka ʻāina i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka loaʻa kālā a nā limahana neʻe. Ua hōʻole nā hoʻouna kālā a nā limahana ma 2017 i ka 1.1 pakeneka a i ka US $ 7.16 biliona mai US $ 7.24 biliona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā like o 2016. (Ceylon I kēia lā 2018). ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻouna kālā ʻana i ke kaulike o nā uku a Sri Lanka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, ua like ia me ka nui i hōʻike ʻia e kekahi i ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻo Sri Lankan i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he 'economic-dependant economic'.
Ua piʻi aku ka nui o ka limahana limahana o Sri Lanka i 1,189,359 (ma kahi o 14% o ka poʻe hana ma luna o 18 mau makahiki) e Kekemapa 2016 e like me ke Kuhina Hana Haole ʻO Thalatha Athukorala.
Aia kahi 'kahe' awelika o kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o 260,000 a he 66% o nā kāne. ʻO nā kauā wahine ma kahi o 26%. (Ke keʻena hana ʻē aʻe o Sri Lanka –SLBFE 2017).
ʻO ka hana mākaʻikaʻi kūloko
Manaʻo ʻia ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoihana poʻokela e hāʻawi i kahi ākea o nā manawa hana no ka poʻe ʻōpio. ʻO ka Sri Lanka Development Authority (SLTDA) 2016 hōʻike makahiki i hōʻike ʻia he 146,115 mau limahana ma nā papa āpau i ka hana pololei ma ka ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka ʻoihana mākaʻikaʻi, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ʻo kēlā me kēia 100 mau hana pololei i hana ʻia ma ka ʻoihana mākaʻikaʻi Sri Lanka, e hoʻopuka ana ma kahi o 140 mau hana indirect i nā ʻāpana hoʻohui.WTTC, 2012). Ma muli o kēia, ʻo ka nui o nā limahana mākaʻikaʻi o Sri Lanka ma kahi o 205,000. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻāpana ʻike ʻole maoli e pili ana i nā kāne kālepa like ʻole, nā mea hana kahakai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka mākaʻikaʻi, he helu weliweli. No laila, manaʻo ka poʻe loea ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka mākaʻikaʻi i ke ola o nā kānaka ma mua o 300,000.
Wahi a ka SLTDA, e hoʻomaka ana nā lumi hou he 15,346 i ka makahiki 2020 ma 189 mau hale hou i ka ʻoihana. Ua manaʻo kēia mea kākau he 87,000 wale nō nā limahana i koi ʻia e lawelawe i kēia mau lumi hou. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hopena hoʻonui o ka ʻāpana ʻike ʻole, hiki i kēia huina ke pehu a ʻoi aku ma mua o 200,000, e hopena i ka nui o ka poʻe hana i ka mākaʻikaʻi ma kahi o 500,000 a ʻoi aku paha i ka makahiki 2020 (The WTTC ke manaʻo nei e piʻi iki kēia helu ma 602,000 mau kānaka).
ʻO ka manaʻo o kēia ma kahi o 7% -8% o ka pūʻali hana Sri Lankan e hana i ka mākaʻikaʻi e 2020.
ʻO nā limahana mākaʻikaʻi kūloko i ka hana haole
He mea ia i ʻike nui ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia ana ka nui o nā limahana hoʻokipa lawena mākaukau Sriana ma ka Hikina Waena a me Maldives. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe helu helu hilinaʻi o kēia mau helu i loaʻa.
No laila e hana ʻia kekahi mau manaʻo conservative penei: e koho i kēia mau helu.
Ka huina nui o ka poʻe hana SL i manaʻo ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē: - 1,189,359
Ka pākēneka o nā kahu wahine (ref. SLFBE): - 26%
Manaʻo ʻoe he 12% o ka mahele wahine ʻole ka hana ma ka hale hoʻokipa.
No laila ma kēia kumu ke ʻano o ka haki ʻana penei:
Kuhi kēia anamanaʻo e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau limahana mākaʻikaʻi 140,000 SL ma nā ʻāina ʻē. Wahi a ka SLFEB, ma ka awelika 260,000 mau limahana e haʻalele no ka hana haole i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Inā pili nā lākiō e like me ka ʻōlelo ma luna, a laila ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka makahiki makahiki a i ʻole 'outflow' o nā limahana mākaʻikaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o 30,000.
ʻO ka hoʻopuka
Mai ke kaʻanalike kumu mua e ʻike ʻia ana, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau limahana mākaʻikaʻi 140,000 e hana ma waho a e lilo 'ana ma kahi o 30,000 mau limahana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
No laila ʻo ka pilikia ma kēia manawa inā paha he mea maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha kēia.
I ka nānā mua ʻana ua nalo ka SL i kāna limahana mākaʻikaʻi mākaʻikaʻi i nā hale i waho, kahi he 'kahe wai'.
Eia nō naʻe, ke nānā pono loa nei i kēia phenomena hōʻike i kahi kiʻi ʻokoʻa iki.
'anuʻu 1 - E like me ka ʻike ʻana o ka hapa nui o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi i ka ʻoihana hōkele ma SL, ʻo ka manawa pinepine, nā poʻe ʻōpio ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e komo i kahi hale hoʻokipa e hoʻomaka i kā lākou ʻoihana hana ma ka hoʻokipa. Hoʻomaka lākou mai nā papa lalo, loaʻa ka ʻike a hana i ko lākou ala i ka hierarchy i kā lākou ʻoihana a i ʻole kahua. ʻO nā kumu kumu o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka etiquette i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni hoʻomaha. No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hōkele hokele maikaʻi ʻo ia ke kahua hoʻomaʻamaʻa kumu no nā ʻōpio makemake i ka hōkele.
'anuʻu 2 - Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike, piʻi aʻe ka luna hoʻolimalima i nā kūlana ma ka resort i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka hana.
'anuʻu 3 - Ma ka hopena e haʻalele paha ke kanaka i ka hōkele e hana i ka hōkele kūlanakauhale 5-hōkū, e loaʻa ai ka ʻike hou a me ka ʻike. ʻO ka manawa pinepine ka moemoeā o kahi ʻōpio e hana i ka hōkele o ke kūlanakauhale hōkū, a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ākea ākea o ka ʻoihana.
'anuʻu 4 - Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka hana ma ka hōkele kūlanakauhale 5-hōkū, e ʻimi paha ka moemoeā ʻōpio i ka hana ma waho. ʻO ka uku maikaʻi, nā wahi hoʻokipa, nā tikika ʻē aʻe a me nā pōmaikaʻi ʻē aʻe e lure ai i kēia mau kāne ʻōpio a me nā wahine ma kahi ʻē ma ka hana ʻaelike. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hōkele ʻoihana honua e hana nei ma ka Hikina Waena a me Maldives e nānā no nā limahana i loaʻa ka ʻike maikaʻi i kahi kūlana 5-hōkū. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he hanana nui e ʻike i ka neʻe mau ʻana o nā limahana i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻē e hana ma laila.
'anuʻu 5 - Ma kahi ʻano hoʻokipa haole hoʻokipa maikaʻi, keu hoʻi me nā māka honua, aia kahi pae kiʻekiʻe i nā hana maikaʻi a me ka ʻike, hana pinepine i ka launa pū ʻana me nā loea kaulana o ka honua i nā kula āpau. Ma kēia ʻano e loaʻa ai i ka ʻōpio ka waiwai o ka ʻike a me ka ʻike ʻoiai e uku maikaʻi ʻia no kāna lawelawe.
'anuʻu 6 - ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hana haole ma kahi ʻaelike paʻa paʻa, hiki ke hoʻohou hou ʻia i kekahi mau pōʻaiapuni. Ma ka hopena ua loaʻa i ka limahana ka lawa kālā no kona noho home ʻana ma Sri Lanka a hoʻoholo e hoʻi. Ke hoʻi mai ʻo ia me kona ʻike hou a me ka ʻike ma lalo o kāna kāʻei, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hōkele ma ke kūlanakauhale a i ʻole nā hokele e kiʻi maʻalahi iā ia, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kāna haʻalele.
No laila, pani ʻia ka pōʻaiapuni, me ka limahana ʻōpio i kēia manawa i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma ka hana a me ke kaiāulu, me kahi mālama kālā kūpono e mālama ai i kona ʻohana.
Panina
Mai ka loiloi mua a me ka loiloi mua, maopopo ia i ka hihia o ka ʻoihana hoʻokipa, ka exodo o nā limahana e hele ana i kahi ʻē, ʻaʻole paha he mea maikaʻi ʻole ia no ka ʻoihana. ʻO nā limahana e hele i nā ʻāina ʻē e hoʻi hou mai i mākaukau a ʻike hou i ka hopena o kā lākou ʻaelike ma waho.
Nui a hewahewa nā moʻolelo like ʻole o ka poʻe hoʻokipa hoʻokipa i hoʻi mai. No laila ʻaʻole ia he hopena a me ka pōʻele no ka ʻoihana hōkele ma muli o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā limahana iā Sri Lanka no ka leʻaleʻa ma nā ʻāina ʻē. Ma waho aʻe o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana iā ia he 'Brain - Drain', maliʻa paha e noʻonoʻo ka ʻoihana hoʻokipa i kēia me he 'Brain - Gain'.
ʻO ka mea kākau, ʻo Srilal Miththapala, he nui nā ʻike mua o ka ʻike ʻana i kēlā mau limahana e hoʻi nei ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i kā lākou ʻoihana ma nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻO kahi mea kūpono e haʻi aku ai no ka Garden Maintenance Executive ma kekahi o nā hōkele a ka mea kākau i pili ai. ʻO kēia limahana limahana he mea mahiʻai mahiʻai a ua hoʻokiwi ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he hortikulturist e nānā i ka waiwai o ka nohona o ka hui. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hana ma ke kōkua hortikulturist ma ka Ritz Carlton ma Bahrain, kahi i kū ai ʻo ia i poʻo nui i ka hana o ka Middle East o ka hui, e lanakila ana i nā makana he nui no nā hoʻolālā kīhāpai o ka hui hōkele. Ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana no 12 mau makahiki, hoʻi ʻo ia i kēia manawa, me ka hāʻawi hana hāmama, e hoʻi i ka hui Ritz Carlton i kēlā me kēia manawa.
