Kūlana Kūlana Kūlana Kūlana o Central Park

HOTEL HISTORY Central Park kiʻi mahalo ʻia e museumofthecity.org e1648930656742 | eTurboNews | eTN
Pāka Waena - na ke kiʻi mai museumofthecity.org

ʻO Frederick Law Olmsted he mea kākau kiʻi kiʻi ʻāina ʻAmelika, mea kākau moʻolelo, mea hoʻohewa pili kanaka, a me ka luna aupuni. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka makua o ka hoʻolālā ʻāina. Ua kaulana ʻo Olmsted no ka hoʻolālā like ʻana i nā paka kūlanakauhale kaulana me kāna hoa kāne ʻo Calvert Vaux. ʻO ka lanakila kaulana loa a Olmsted lāua ʻo Vaux Pāka Waena ma New York City ʻo ia ka hopena i nā hoʻolālā pāka kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe, me ka Prospect Park ma kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Borough of Brooklyn i kēia manawa New York City a me Cadwalader Park ma Trenton. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Olmsted e Charles Eliot Norton "ka mea pena kiʻi nui loa a ʻAmelika i hana ai". Ua paʻi mua ʻia kāna 'A Huakai ma nā Mokupuni Kauwaʻa Moana' i ka makahiki 1856 a ua kū mai nā huakaʻi ma ka hema a Olmsted, he mea hoʻopau makemake i ka makahiki 1853-1854.

ʻO nā papahana ʻē aʻe a Olmsted i komo ai, ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho mua a kahiko loa o ka ʻāina o nā paka lehulehu a me nā ala pāka ma Buffalo, New York; ka paka mokuʻāina kahiko loa o ka ʻāina, ʻo ka Niagara Reservation ma Niagara Falls, New York; kekahi o nā kaiaulu i hoʻolālā mua ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Riverside, Illinois; Mount Royal Park ma Montréal, Quebec; ʻO ka Institute of Living ma Hartford, Connecticut; Halemai Waterbury ma Waterbury, Connecticut; ka Lei Emerald ma Bosetona, Massachusetts; Highland Park ma Rochester, Niu Ioka; ka Lei Nui o nā Pāka ma Milwaukee, Wisconsin; ʻO Cherokee Park a me nā paka a me nā ʻōnaehana ala ma Louisville, Kentucky; ʻO Walnut Hill Park ma New Britain, Connecticut, ka Biltmore Estate ma Asheville, North Carolina; nā papahana kumu no ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Berkeley, ke Kulanui o Maine, Ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford kokoke i Palo Alto, Kaleponi, a me ke Kula ʻo Lawrenceville; a me Montebello Park ma St. Catharines, Ontario. Aia ma Chicago kāna mau papahana: Jackson Park; Pāka Wakinekona; ke kahua paka nui no ka 1893 World's Columbian Exposition; ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke apo boulevard "emerald necklace" o Chicago; a me ke kula nui o Kikako. Ma Wakinekona, DC, ua hana ʻo ia ma ka ʻāina e hoʻopuni ana i ka hale Capitol o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolālā ʻāina ʻo Olmsted e kona poʻe o ka wā, nāna i hāʻawi iā ia i nā komisina hanohano. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Daniel Burnham nona, “Peaʻi ʻo ia me nā loko a me nā pali ulu lāʻau; me nā mauʻu a me nā kapa a me nā puʻu i uhi ʻia i ka nahele; me nā ʻaoʻao mauna a me nā hiʻohiʻona moana …” ʻO kāna hana, ʻoi loa ma Central Park, ua hoʻokumu i kahi kūlana o ka maikaʻi e hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. He kanaka hana mua a koʻikoʻi ʻo ia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mālama ʻana, me ka hana ma Niagara Falls; ka ʻāina ʻo Adirondack o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o New York; a me ka ʻōnaehana National Park; a ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia, ua hana nui i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe lapaʻau i ka Union Army i ke Kaua Kivila.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Olmsted ma Hartford, Connecticut, i ka lā 26 o ʻApelila, 1822. ʻO kona makuakāne, ʻo John Olmsted, he mea kālepa waiwai i makemake nui i ke ʻano, nā kānaka, a me nā wahi; Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Frederick Law a me kona kaikaina ʻo John Hull i kēia hoihoi. Ua make kona makuahine, ʻo Charlotte Law (Hull) Olmsted, ma mua o ka hā o kona lā hānau. Ua male hou kona makuakāne iā Mary Ann Bull i ka makahiki 1827, ka mea i aloha nui i ke ʻano o kāna kāne a ʻoi aku paha ka ʻono i hoʻoulu ʻia.

I ka wā i kokoke mākaukau ai ka ʻōpio ʻo Olmsted e komo i ke Kulanui ʻo Yale, ua hoʻonāwaliwali ka ʻona sumac i kona mau maka, no laila ua haʻalele ʻo ia i nā hoʻolālā kula. Ma hope o kona hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he luina, kālepa, a me ka mea kākau nūpepa, noho ʻo Olmsted ma kahi pāʻai 125 ʻeka i Ianuali 1848 ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Staten Island, New York, kahi mahiʻai a kona makuakāne i kōkua iā ia e loaʻa.

ʻO ka male a me ka ʻohana

I ka lā 13 o Iune, 1859, ua male ʻo Olmsted iā Mary Cleveland (Perkins) Olmsted, ka wahine kāne make a kona kaikaina ʻo John (ʻo ia i make i ka makahiki 1857). Ua hānai ʻo ia i kāna mau keiki ʻekolu, ʻo John Charles Olmsted (hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1852), ʻo Charlotte Olmsted (nāna i male iā Bryant ma hope), a me Owen Olmsted.

ʻElua mau keiki a Frederick lāua ʻo Mary i ola i ka wā kamaliʻi; he kaikamahine, ʻo Marion (hānau ʻia ʻOkakopa 28, 1861), a he keiki kāne ʻo Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., i hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1870. Ua hānau ʻia kā lāua keiki mua, ʻo John Theodore Olmsted, i ka lā 13 o Iune, 1860, a ua make i ka wā kamaliʻi.

He ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ko Olmsted ma ka nūpepa. I ka makahiki 1850, ua huakaʻi ʻo ia i ʻEnelani e kipa aku i nā māla lehulehu, kahi i mahalo nui ʻia e Joseph Paxton's Birkenhead Park. Ua kākau a hoʻopuka ʻo ia i Walks and Talks of an American Farmer ma ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1852.

No ka hoihoi i ka hoʻokele waiwai kauā, ua kauoha ʻia ʻo ia e ka New York Daily Times (ʻo The New York Times i kēia manawa) e hoʻomaka i kahi huakaʻi noiʻi nui ma waena o ʻAmelika Hema a me Texas mai 1852 a 1857. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kāna mau hoʻouna i ka Times i ʻekolu mau puke. (He Huakai ma ka Mokupuni Kauwaina Mokupuni (1856), He Huakai ma Texas (1857), He Huakai ma ka aina hope i ka hooilo o 1853-4 (1860).

Ua manaʻo ʻo Olmsted ʻo ka nele o ka papa waena keʻokeʻo Hema a me ka ʻilihune ākea o nā keʻokeʻo haʻahaʻa i pale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pono kīwila he nui i lawe ʻole ʻia ma ka ʻĀkau.

He poe ilihune na makaainana o na Mokuaina pulupulu. He uuku ka lakou hana, a he ino kela mea liilii; He uuku ko lakou loaa, kuai liilii; kūʻai liʻiliʻi lākou, a liʻiliʻi - liʻiliʻi loa - o nā ʻoluʻolu maʻamau a me nā hōʻoluʻolu o ke ola civili. ʻAʻole ko lākou ʻilihune wale nō; he naʻauao a he pono… ʻAʻole lākou lokomaikaʻi ʻaʻole hoʻokipa hoʻokipa a ʻaʻole like kā lākou kamaʻilio ʻana a nā kāne wiwo ʻole.

Pāka Waena o New York City

ʻO Andrew Jackson Downing, ka mea kālai ʻāina charismatic mai Newburgh, New York, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea mua i manaʻo e hoʻomohala i New York's Central Park i kāna hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopuka o The Horticulturist magazine. He hoaaloha a kumu aʻoaʻo iā Olmsted, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Downing iā ia i ka mea kākau ʻōlelo Pelekania ʻo Calvert Vaux, ka mea a Downing i lawe mai ai i ʻAmelika ma ke ʻano he mea hana hale hana. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Downing i Iulai 1852 i ke ahi i hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma ka mokuahi Hudson River ʻo Henry Clay, ua komo pū ʻo Olmsted lāua ʻo Vaux i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻolālā Central Park, kūʻē iā Egbert Ludovicus Viele ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua kono ʻo Vaux iā Olmsted liʻiliʻi loa e komo i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻolālā me ia, no ka mea ua hauʻoli ʻo Olmsted i nā kumumanaʻo a me nā pilina pili politika. Ma mua o kēia, ʻokoʻa me ka Vaux ʻoi aku ka ʻike, ʻaʻole ʻo Olmsted i hoʻolālā a hoʻokō i kahi hoʻolālā ʻāina.

Ua hoʻolaha ʻia kā lākou Greensward Plan i ka makahiki 1858 ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā lanakila. I kona hoʻi ʻana mai ka Hema, ua hoʻomaka koke ʻo Olmsted e hoʻokō i kā lākou papahana. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Olmsted lāua ʻo Vaux i kā lāua hui like ʻole e hoʻolālā i ka Prospect Park ma Brooklyn mai 1865 a i 1873. Ua ukali ʻia e nā papahana ʻē aʻe. Ua noho ʻo Vaux ma ke aka o ko Olmsted kūlana lehulehu a me nā pilina pili kaiaulu.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻolālā o Central Park i ka ʻike pilikanaka o Olmsted a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā manaʻo egalitarian. Hoʻololi ʻia e Downing a me kāna mau ʻike ponoʻī e pili ana i ka papa kaiapuni ma ʻEnelani, Kina, a me ʻAmelika Hema, ua manaʻo ʻo Olmsted he pono e loaʻa like ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau i nā kamaʻāina a pau, a e pale ʻia i ka hoʻopili pilikino. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kumumanaʻo i ka manaʻo o kahi "pāka lehulehu", akā ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia he pono ia manawa. ʻO ko Olmsted noho komisina ʻo Central Park he paio lōʻihi no ka mālama ʻana i kēlā manaʻo.

I ka makahiki 1865, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Vaux lāua ʻo Olmsted iā Olmsted, Vaux & Co. I ka hoʻi ʻana o Olmsted i New York, ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia a me Vaux iā Prospect Park; nā pāka Riverside o Chicago; ka ʻōnaehana paka no Buffalo, New York; Milwaukee, ka lei nui o nā paka o Wisconsin; a me ka Niagara Reservation ma Niagara Falls.

ʻAʻole wale ʻo Olmsted i hana i nā paka kūlanakauhale he nui a puni ka ʻāina, ua hāpai ʻo ia i nā ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa o nā paka a me nā ala pāka e hoʻopili ai i kekahi mau kūlanakauhale i nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kekahi o nā laʻana maikaʻi loa o ka pālākiō i hana ai ʻo Olmsted, ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana paka i hoʻolālā ʻia no Buffalo, New York, kekahi o nā papahana nui loa; ʻo ka ʻōnaehana āna i hoʻolālā ai no Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a me ka ʻōnaehana paka i hoʻolālā ʻia no Louisville, Kentucky, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana paka i hoʻolālā ʻia e Olmsted i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka honua.

ʻO Olmsted ka mea hana maʻamau me ka mea kākau ʻo Henry Hobson Richardson, nona kāna i hoʻolālā ai i nā hoʻolālā ʻāina no ka hapalua o nā papahana, me ke komisina o Richardson no ka Buffalo State Asylum. I ka makahiki 1871, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Olmsted i ke kahua no ka Halemai Mokuʻāina ʻo Hudson River State no ka pupule ma Poughkeepsie.

I ka makahiki 1883, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Olmsted i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻoihana hoʻolālā ʻāina piha piha ma Brookline, Massachusetts. Ua kāhea ʻo ia i ka hale a me ke keʻena hui ʻo Fairsted. ʻO ia ka Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site i kēia manawa. Mai laila mai ua hoʻolālā ʻo Olmsted i ka Lei Emerald o Boston, nā pā kula o Wellesley College, Smith College, Stanford University a me ke Kulanui o Chicago, a me ka 1893 World's Fair ma Chicago, ma waena o nā papahana ʻē aʻe.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Frederick Law Olmsted ʻo "ka makua kāne o ʻAmelika Landscape Architecture."

stanleyturkel | eTurboNews | eTN

ʻO Stanley Turkel ua koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he Historian of the Year e ka Histories Hotels of America, he polokalamu manawaleʻa o ka National Trust for Historic Preservation, nona ka inoa i kapa ʻia ai ma 2020 a me 2015. ʻO Turel ka mea aʻoaʻo kūkā nui loa i hoʻolaha ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i kāna hana kūkākūkā hōkele e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he loea ʻike i nā hihia e pili ana i ka hōkele, hāʻawi i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka kūkā kamaʻilio hōkele. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ma ke ʻano he Master Hotel Supplier Emeritus e ka Educational Institute o ka American Hotel and Lodging Association. [pale ʻia ka leka uila] 917-628-8549

Ua hoʻopuka ʻia kāna puke hou "Great American Hotel Architects Volume 2".

Nā puke hōkele ʻē aʻe i paʻi ʻia:

• Nā Hōkele ʻAmelika Nui: Nā Paionia o ka ʻOhana Hotel (2009)

• Kūkulu ʻia e Noho Lā: 100+ Mau Hōkele Makahiki Ma Nu Ioka (2011)

• Kukulu ʻia a hala i hope: 100+ mau makahiki mau makahiki ma ka Hikina o ka Misisipi (2013)

• Hotel Mavens: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt, Oscar o ka Waldorf (2014)

• Nā Hōkele ʻAmelika Nui Volume 2: Nā Paionia o ka ʻOhana Hotel (2016)

• Kukulu ʻia a hala i hope: 100+ mau makahiki mau makahiki ma ke komohana o ka Misisipi (2017)

• Hotel Mavens Volume 2: ʻO Henry Morrison Flagler, ʻO Henry Bradley Plant, ʻo Carl Graham Fisher (2018)

• Nā Luna Nui Hōkele ʻAmelika Nui Volume I (2019)

• Mavens Hotel: Volume 3: ʻO Bob lāua ʻo Larry Tisch, ʻo Ralph Hitz, ʻo Cesar Ritz, ʻo Curt Strand

Hiki ke kauoha ʻia i kēia mau puke āpau mai AuthorHouse ma ke kipa ʻana stanleyturkel.com  a kaomi ʻana i ke poʻo inoa o ka puke.

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