Ua ʻaʻa maikaʻi ʻo Air Air Association i kahi kānāwai mokuʻāina ʻo Nu Ioka i hoʻonoho ʻia i nā kaulike kaulike no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea lele mokulele.

Ua hoʻoholo ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kaapuni ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka Pōʻalua ua hoʻoholo ʻia kahi kānāwai pekelala, ʻo Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, i ka hiki i nā mokuʻāina ke hoʻokele i kēlā mau mea. Wahi a ka ʻaha.

Paʻa mākou i ke koi ʻana i nā mokulele e hāʻawi i ka meaʻai, ka wai, ka uila a me nā lumi hoʻomaha i nā mea holo i ka wā lohi o ka honua e pili ana i ka lawelawe ʻana o kahi ea a no laila hāʻule i loko o nā huaʻōlelo kikoʻī o ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha ADA.
Ua hoʻopuka koke ka ATA i kahi leka uila:

Hoʻoholo ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a ka ʻaha i ke kūlana o ATA a me nā mokulele - e hoʻokele ʻia nā lawelawe mokulele e ke aupuni pekelala a ʻo kahi patchwork o nā kānāwai e nā mokuʻāina a me nā wahi i kūpono ʻole a hōʻeha i nā pono o nā mea kūʻai aku. Hoʻouna kēia ʻōlelo akāka a hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi i kahi leka ikaika i nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo nei i nā kānāwai like.
E kakali i nā poʻe kākoʻo i nā kānāwai palekana e hoʻokau i ka ʻaha i ka ʻahaʻōlelo e lawe i kēia pilikia. E like me kā ka ʻaha hoʻopiʻi i hōʻike ai, ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻeiwa mau mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo nei i nā kānāwai palekana o nā mea kūʻai aku e like me NūIoka - he mea pōkole kēia i kēlā mau hana, ke ʻole e hoʻohuli ʻia kahi ʻaha hoʻopiʻi pekelala ʻē aʻe.

Ua paʻi hou mākou i ka hoʻoholo ma lalo. Ma waena o kāna mau mele: "Inā ʻo ko New York manaʻo e pili ana i ka laulā o kāna mana hoʻomalu i hāpai ʻia i ka lā, hiki i kahi mokuʻāina ʻokoʻa ke kū i kahi kānāwai e pāpā ana i ka lawelawe ʻana o ka soda ma nā huakaʻi e haʻalele ana mai kāna kahua mokulele, ʻoiai e koi ana kekahi i nā koho meaʻai ʻaʻohe alergen. i kāna mau mokulele i waho, e wehe ana i ke kikowaena pekelala kikowaena no ka huakaʻi ea. "

KA HUI KAUAHI AIR NO AMERICA, INC.,
Plaintif-Appellant,

-v.-

ANDREW CUOMO, i kona kūlana kūhelu ma ke ʻano he Loio Kuhina
o ka Mokuaina o Nu Ioka, MINDY A. BOCKSTEIN, iā ia
kūlana kūhelu ma ke ʻano he lunahoomalu a luna hoʻokele
o ka Papa Hoʻomalu Mea Kūʻai Moku'āina ʻo New York,
Nā mea pale-Appellees.
_____________________________________

Ua hoʻopiʻi ka ʻAhahui Kaʻa Air of America mai kahi hoʻoholo hope loa a ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau o New York (Kahn, J.) e ʻae ana i ka hoʻopiʻi hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i nā mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hoʻopiʻi a ka mea hoʻopiʻi e ʻimi nei i ka hoʻopiʻi a me ke kōkua hoʻopiʻi kū'ē iā New York State's. Pila o nā pono o nā mea holo, kuhi ʻia ma ka ʻāpana 553 (2) (b) - (d) o ke Law Executive Executive o New York a me nā ʻāpana 251-f a 251-j o ke Law Law Business General o New York. Huli mākou a paʻa i nā mea nui o ke kānāwai, NY Gen. Bus. Kānāwai § 251-g (1), ua preempted e ka Airline Deregulation Act o 1978. Huli a hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia.

PER CURIAM:
ʻO ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻAlamu Hoʻopiʻi ʻAmelika ("Air Transport"), ka hui kālepa nui a me ka ʻoihana lawelawe o ka ʻoihana mokulele o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i hoʻopiʻi ʻia mai ke kauoha a ka ʻĀpana ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka ʻĀkau ʻAkau o New York (Kahn, J.) e hāʻawi ana hoʻoholo hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo iā Appellees a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kāna hoʻopiʻi e noi ana i ka hoʻopiʻi a me ka hoʻopiʻi kōkua e kūʻē i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka Bill of Rights Passenger State New York (the "PBR"), 2007 NY Sess. Kanawai, ch. 472 (helu ʻia ma NY Exec. Kānāwai § 553 (2) (b) - (d); NY Gen. Bus. Kānāwai § § 251-f a 251-j). Air Transp. ʻO Ass'n o Am. v. Cuomo, 528 F. Supp. 2d 62 (NDNY 2007). Mālama mākou i ka PBR ma mua o ka hoʻolako ʻia ʻana o ka Airline Deregulation Act o 1978 (ka "ADA") a no laila huli i hope.

KĀWAI

Ma hope o kekahi hanana o nā hanana i hoʻolaha maikaʻi ʻia i ka wā hoʻoilo o 2006- 2007 kahi i hoʻomanawanui ai ka poʻe holo mokulele i nā lohi lōʻihi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā alaloa ʻo New York, me ka hāʻawi ʻole ʻia o ka wai a me ka meaʻai ʻole, ua hoʻoholo ka ʻahaʻōlelo o New York i ka PBR. ʻO nā ʻikepili kūpono o ka mokuʻāina PBR penei:

1. I ka manawa i kau aku ai nā ohua mokulele ma kahi mokulele a lohi ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau hola ma luna o ka mokulele ma mua o ka lele ʻana, e hōʻoia ka mea lawe e hāʻawi ʻia nā ohua e pono ai:

(a) lawelawe hanauna uila e hāʻawi i ka mana kūlohelohe no ka ea hou a me nā kukui;

(b) lawelawe hoʻoneoneo hoʻoneoneo i mea e lawelawe ai i nā pahu paʻa no nā lumi lumi papa ma ka papa; a

ʻO Pahu ʻOihana Kenekulia. Kānāwai § 251-g (1). Koi ʻia ke kānāwai i nā mea lawe a pau e hōʻike i ka ʻike pili i ka hoʻopiʻi hoʻopiʻi a me ka wehewehe ʻana no kēia mau kuleana. ʻO Id. § 251-g (2). Ua hoʻomaka ka paukū 251-g ma ka lā 1 o Ianuali 2008. 2007 NY Sess. Kanawai, ch. 472, § 5.

Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Air Transport i ka hoʻopiʻi ma ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau o Nu Ioka e ʻimi nei i kahi hoʻolaha a me ke kōkua kōkua ma muli o ke kumu i mālama ʻia ai ka PBR e ka ADA a ua haki ia i ka Commerce Clause o ke Kumukānāwai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua neʻe ʻo Appellant Air Transport no ka hoʻokolokolo hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, a ua hāʻawi ka ʻaha ʻāpana i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo sua sponte i nā appellees, e paʻa ana ʻaʻole i hōʻike mua ʻia ka PBR e ka ADA no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e "pili i ke kumukūʻai, ke ala, a i ʻole ka lawelawe ʻana o kahi ea. , ”Air Transp., 528 F. Supp. 2d at 66-67 (quoting 49 USC § 41713 (b) (1)) (haʻalele ʻia ka kaha puanaʻī o loko) a ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia no ka manaʻo ʻole o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo no ka ADA e noho i ka wahi o ka palekana mokulele, id. ma 67-68. Ua ʻae mākou i ke noi a Air Transport no kahi hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki.

KA HOOHOLO

Nānā mākou i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka ʻaha apana i ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo de devovo. SEC v. Kern, 425 F.3d 143, 147 (2d Cir. 2005); e ʻike pū iā Drake vs. Lab. ʻO Corp. o Am. Holdings, 458 F.3d 48, 56 (2d Cir. 2006) ("[A] hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka preemp5 tion ka hopena o ke kānāwai, a no laila mākou e nānā ai iā de novo.").

ʻO ka Paʻi Supremacy, US Const. art VI, cl. 2, "hōʻole ʻole i nā kānāwai mokuʻāina i 'āpilikia, a i ʻole kūʻē i nā' kānāwai pekelala." Kaona ʻo Hillsborough vs. Med. Labs., Inc., 471 US 707, 712 (1985) (e kuhikuhi ana iā Gibbons vs. Ogden, US (9 Wheat.) 1, 211 (1824)). Hiki ke hōʻike a haʻi ʻia paha ka mālama ʻana. Kū aʻe ka makaʻi mua ke kuhikuhi ʻia kahi kānāwai pekelala e kāpae ʻia ke kānāwai mokuʻāina. " ʻO Ass'n o Int'l Auto. ʻO Mfrs. v. Abrams, 84 F.3d 602, 607 (2d Cir. 1996). Kū mai ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi implied i ka wā, "i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻōlelo kūlike ʻole o ke kānāwai,. . . Ua manaʻo ka ʻAhaʻōlelo i ke Aupuni Pekelala e noho wale [i kahi kahua] wale nō, "ai ʻole ke kūʻē maoli ke kānāwai mokuʻāina me nā kānāwai pekelala." English vs. Gen. Elec. Co., 496 US 72, 79 (1990). ʻO ka mea kikoʻī loa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka pre prevra i ka wā o ka "pervasiveness of the federal rules precludes supplementation by the States, where the federal interest in the field is dominant dominant, or where 'the object seek to get by the federal law and the character of obligations ruled na ia. . . hōʻike i ke kumu hoʻokahi. '”Schneidewind v. ANR Pipeline Co., 485 US 293, 300 (1988) (haʻalele ʻia i ke kumu) (quoting Rice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 US 218, 230 (1947)). Ua hana ʻo Congress i ʻelua mau kānāwai e kau i ka kumuhana o ka PBR: (1) ka ADA, Pub. L. Helu 95-504, 92 Stat. 1705 (1978); a (2) ke kānāwai Pekelala Pekelala o 1958 (ka "FAA"), Pub. L. Helu 85-726, 72 Helu. 731. Hoʻomaka mākou me ka mea ma mua.

"Mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pre preversment huli i ka manaʻo o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo, e hoʻomaka mākou e like me kā mākou e hana ai i nā hana o ke kūkulu kānāwai [,] me nā huaʻōlelo o ka hoʻolako i nīnau ʻia, a neʻe i mua, e like me ka mea e pono ai, i ke ʻano a me ke kumu. o ke Kānāwai kahi e kū ai. '”McNally vs. Port Auth. o NY & NJ (In re WTC Disaster Site), 414 F.3d 352, 371 (2d Cir. 2005) (hoʻololi i ke ʻano kumu) (quoting NY State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans vs. Huakaʻi Ins. Co., 514 US 645, 655 (1995)). ʻO ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha hoʻolaha a ADA i ʻōlelo ʻia penei:

Koe e like me ka mea i hoʻolako ʻia ma kēia ʻāpana, ʻaʻole hiki i kahi mokuʻāina, ka mahele politika i kahi mokuʻāina, a i ʻole ka mana kālaiʻāina o 2 State ke hana a hoʻokō paha i kahi kānāwai, rula, a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ka ikaika a me ka hopena o ke kānāwai e pili ana i kahi kumukūʻai. , a lawelawe paha o kahi mokulele e hiki ai ke hoʻolako i ka lawe ea ma lalo o kēia subpart.

49 USC § 41713 (b) (1). ʻAʻole pili nā mea ʻē aʻe i pili ai kēia ʻōlelo i kēia hihia. No laila, ua preempted ka PBR inā "pili i ke kumukūʻai, ke ala, a i ʻole ka lawelawe ʻana o kahi ea." Hoʻoholo mākou ʻo ia nō.

Hōʻike ka hoʻopiʻi a Air Transport i kahi koi ma lalo o ka Supremacy Clause a me kahi koi e hōʻino ka PBR § 41713 (b) (1). ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole hāʻawi ka § 41713 (b) (1) i kahi kuleana pilikino pilikino o ka hana, a ua paʻa mākou e pili ana i ke kānāwai o ka mea i hele mua, i like ka nui, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi kuleana pilikino. W. Air Lines, Inc. vs. Port Auth. o NY & NJ, 817 F.2d, 225 (2d Cir. 1987); Montauk-Caribbean Airways, Inc. vs. Hope, 784 F.2d 91, 7 (2d Cir. 1986). No laila ʻaʻole hiki i ka Air Transport ke hoʻopiʻi no ka ʻaihue i ke kānāwai.

Eia nō naʻe, kuleana ʻo Air Transport e alualu i kāna ʻaʻa hoʻowalewale ʻia ma o kāna kuleana Kuleana Supremacy. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o kahi hoʻopiʻi kū kānāwai a me kahi kuleana o ka Mana Supremacy, ʻoiai me he mea ʻole ʻokoʻa ma kēia ʻano kikoʻī, he mea nui ia a ʻaʻole ia he kūlana haʻahaʻa. He kuleana ma lalo o ke Kānāwai Supremacy e ʻae ana kahi kānāwai pekelala i kahi rula aupuni i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kahi kuleana. no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēlā kānāwai pekelala. . . . Wahi a kahi koi ma lalo o ka Supremacy Clause ua lawe ʻia kahi kānāwai pekelala i ka mana kūloko e hoʻoponopono i kekahi hana. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, kahi kuleana pilikino pilikino i hōʻike ʻia i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā ʻike nui o ke kānāwai pekelala. Hāʻawi ia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, e hoʻopili pinepine ana me nā pohō, no ka hana hewa i ke kānāwai pekelala e kekahi hui aupuni a i ʻole kahi ʻaoʻao pilikino. ʻO ka lōkahi wale nō o ke kānāwai pekelala i nīnau ʻia i kēia hihia i loko o kāna ʻōlelo i mālama ʻia ʻaʻole ia e pili i kēia ʻokoʻa.

W. Air Lines, 817 F.2d ma 225-26. Eia kekahi, kūʻē i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a amici, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka unripeness a i ʻole nā mea pale e pili ana i ka pono ʻo Air Transport. E nānā iā Morales vs. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 US 374, 380-81 (1992) (e kuhikuhi ana iā Ex parte Young, 209 US 123, 145-47, 163-65 (1908)).

Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ʻAhaʻōlelo i ka ADA ma 1978, e hoʻokuʻu ana i kāna rula hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻoihana mokulele ma hope o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka "ʻoi loa o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā pūʻali mākeke hoʻokūkū" e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka hana hou, a me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka "ʻano [a me ka maikaʻi". . . o ka halihali ea. '"Id. ma 378 (hoʻololi a haʻalele ʻia i ke kumu kumu) (ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka 49 USC app. § 1302 (a) (4), (9) (1988)). "I mea e hōʻoia ʻole ai nā mokuʻāina e kāpae i kēia deregulation me ke kaohi o kā lākou ponoʻī," ua komo pū ka ʻahaʻōlelo i kahi hāʻawi kūʻē mua. Id .; ʻike pū aku id. ma 389-91 (e paʻa ana i ka ADA preempted mua i ka palapala noi o ka hana hoʻopunipuni mokuʻāina kānāwai e hoʻolaha mokulele hakahaka no ka mea ʻo ia rula e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai mokulele). Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i kēia pahuhopu, ua hoʻokau pinepine ka 'Aha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻe i ka laulā o ka hoʻolako' ia 'ana o ka ADA. E nānā iā ʻAm. Airlines, Inc. vs. Wolens, 513 US 219, 225-26 (1995); id. i 235 (Stevens, J., concurring i ka ʻāpana a me ka dissenting i kahi ʻāpana); Morales, 504 US ma 383-84; ʻike pū iā Rowe v. NH Motor Transp. Ass'n, 552 US -, 128 S. Ct. 989, 998 (2008) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (e hoʻomaopopo ana i ka "laulā o [ka] ʻōlelo preemption" i ka Federal Aviation Administration authorization Act o 1994, nona ka manaʻo mālama, 49 USC § 14501 (c) (1) , aia i pari materia me kēlā o ka ADA). ʻOiai ʻaʻole i wehewehe kēia ʻaha i ka "lawelawe" e like me ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana i ka ADA, ʻaʻohe pilikia iki iā mākou i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke koi ʻana i nā mokulele e hāʻawi i ka meaʻai, ka wai, ka uila, a me nā lumi hoʻomaha i nā poʻe holo i ka wā o ka lohi o ka honua e pili ana i ka lawelawe o kahi mokulele. . Kuhi kēia hopena i ke kākoʻo nui mai ka manaʻo lōkahi o ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻena ma Rowe e pili ana iā 49 USC § 14501 (c) (1) i ka ʻōlelo no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ʻōlelo like ʻole. Ma Rowe, ua ʻōlelo ka ʻaha i kahi kānāwai Maine e kau ana, a me nā kuleana ʻē aʻe, kahi koi e kūʻai aku ai nā mea kūʻai aku i nā huahana paka i nā mea kūʻai aku ma loko o ka mokuʻāina e lawelawe i kahi lawelawe e hāʻawi ana i kekahi ʻano hōʻoia o ka mea e loaʻa ana - ua kau ʻia kahi kānāwai, e like me ka Mokuʻāina. kona hoihoi i ka pale ʻana i nā keiki liʻiliʻi mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka paka. Ua hōʻike hou ka ʻaha Rowe i kāna mau hopena mai Morales i ka constranding o ka ADA.

(1) ia “[s] tate 'ana i nā hana hoʻohui e pili ana me, a i' ole e pili ana i ka 'lawe' ana" nā helu, nā alaloa, a i 'ole nā lawelawe "i hoʻopau mua' ia; (2) hiki ke hana i kēlā hana ma mua inā ʻo ka hopena o ke kānāwai mokuʻāina e pili ana i nā uku, nā ala a i ʻole nā lawelawe “kūloko wale nō ia”; (3), e pili ana i ka hana ma mua, ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻokoʻa inā he "kūlike" a "kūlike ʻole" ke kānāwai mokuʻāina me nā lula pekelala. a (4) pili ka mana ma mua ma kahi o nā kānāwai mokuʻāina i kahi "hopena koʻikoʻi" e pili ana i nā pahuhopu a me nā pahuhopu e pili ana i ka Congress.

128 S. Ct. ma 995 (hoʻololi i ke kumu) (kāpae ʻia ke koʻikoʻi) (kāpae ʻia nā kaha puanaʻī) (quoting Morales, 504 US at 384, 386-87, 390). Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ka ʻaha i ka "pahuhopu nui" a ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka ADA e kōkua ana i ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā helu halihali, nā ala, a me nā lawelawe "e hōʻike i ka hilinaʻi nui loa i nā pūʻali mākeke hoʻokūkū," no laila e hoʻonāukiuki "ʻaʻole wale" ka pono, ka hana hou. , a me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, '”akā ʻo“' ʻano 'a me ka' maikaʻi '' i nā lawelawe halihali. ʻO Id. (ke kuhikuhi nei iā Morales, 504 US ma 378).

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kaapuni i manaʻo ʻia he "lawelawe" i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻolako a i manaʻo ʻia paha o ka hana mai ka mokulele mokulele i kāna poʻe ohua a hoʻopuni i nā mea e like me nā kaʻina hana e kau ai, ka mālama ʻana i nā ukana, a me nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu. a ʻokoʻa hoʻi i ka lawe maoli ʻana o nā ohua. E ʻike iā Travel All Over the World, Inc. vs. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 73 F.3d 1423, 1433 (7 Cir. 1996); Hodges vs. Delta Airlines, Inc., 44 F.3d 334, 336-38 (5th Cir. 1995) (en banc); e ʻike pū iā Branche vs. Airtran Airways, Inc., 342 F.3d 1248, 1257 (11th Cir. 2003) (e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻo Hodges ʻo ia ka "ʻoi aku ka ikaika" o nā wehewehe ʻē aʻe i lawe ʻia); Smith v. Comair, Inc., 134 F.3d 254, 259 (4th Cir. 1998) (e kuhikuhi ana i ka Travel All Over the World and Hodges i ka mālama ʻana i kēlā mau koi koi "ma muli o kekahi hapa ma muli o ka hōʻole ʻana o ka ʻae mokulele i ka ʻae e kau" ua preempted no ka mea "ʻo nā kaʻina hana kau lawena kahi lawelawe i hāʻawi ʻia e kahi mokulele"); Chukwu vs. Bd. o Dirs. British Airways, 889 F. Supp. 12, 13 (D. Mass. 1995) (apono i ka ho'ākāka Hodges), aff'd mem. sub nom. Azubuko vs. Bd. o Dirs. British Airways, 101 F.3d 106 (1st Cir. 1996). ʻO ke kolu a me ka ʻeiwa mau kaapuni, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka lawelawe e pili ana i ka "nā kumukūʻai, nā papa kuhikuhi, nā kumu a me nā wahi e lawe ai i nā mākaʻi, nā ukana, a me nā leka uila," akā ʻaʻole e "hoʻokomo i kahi mokulele ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea inu lele, kōkua pilikino i nā mea kaʻa, ka mālama ʻana i nā ukana, a me nā pono like. " Charas vs. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 160 F.3d 1259, 1261 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc); kaʻae Taj Mahal Travel, Inc. v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 164 F.3d 186, 193-94 (3d Cir. 1998).

ʻO ko Charas hoʻokokoke ʻana, manaʻo mākou, ʻaʻole kūlike ia me ka hoʻoholo a ka ʻAha Hoʻokolokolo Kiʻekiʻena ma Rowe. Ma laila, ua wehewehe pono ka 'Aha i ka "lawelawe" e hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai, nā papa kuhikuhi, nā kumu a me nā wahi e hele ai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka hoʻoholo ʻana ua hōʻea ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha ADA, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ke kau ʻana i nā koi hōʻoia no ka lawe ʻana i ka paka, ua ʻōlelo akāka ka ʻAha. "Pono ke kānāwai pekelala. . . Nā hana a Maine ma mua pono e hoʻoponopono ai i nā lawelawe o nā lawe. ” Rowe, 128 S. Ct. ma 998 (hoʻonui ʻia ke koʻikoʻi). Ua hoʻomaopopo hou ʻia e unuhi i ka ʻōlelo no ka hoʻolauleʻa pekelala e kiʻi ʻole i ia ʻano lula “hiki ke alakaʻi maʻalahi i kahi patchwork o nā lawelawe aupuni e hoʻoholo ana i nā kānāwai, nā lula, a me nā rula,” e kūlike ʻole me ka hana nui a ka ʻahaʻōlelo e waiho ai i kēlā mau hoʻoholo. , kahi i hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia ai ka federally, i ka mākeke hoʻokūkū. ” ʻO Id. ma 996.

Hoʻopaʻa mākou i ke koi ʻana i nā mokulele e hāʻawi i ka meaʻai, ka wai, ka uila, a me nā lumi hoʻomaha i nā mea holo i ka wā lohi o ka honua e pili ana i ka lawelawe ʻana o kahi mokulele a no laila hāʻule i loko o nā huaʻōlelo kikoʻī o ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha ADA. A ʻo kahi hopena, nā ʻāpana nui o ka PBR, i kuhi ʻia ma ka ʻāpana 251-g (1) o ke kānāwai ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻo New York. ʻO ka manaʻo Rowe unanimous i paʻa i ke kānāwai a Maine i hopena ai ʻo Maine i "kālele pololei ʻana i kāna mau kauoha aupuni ponoʻī no ka" hoʻokūkū mākeke hoʻokūkū "" i ka hoʻoholo ʻana "i nā lawelawe e hāʻawi ai nā mea lawe kaʻa" i kā lākou mea kūʻai aku. ʻO Id. ma 995 (e kuhikuhi ana iā Morales, 504 US ma 378). I kēia ʻano, ʻokoʻa ka PBR. Hoʻololi ia i nā kauoha a Nu Ioka no nā pūʻali mākeke hoʻokūkū, e koi ana i nā mokulele e hāʻawi i nā lawelawe a New York i hōʻike ai i ka wā lohi o ka ʻāina a hoʻoweliweli hoʻi i ka "patchwork o nā kānāwai e hoʻoholo ana i nā lawelawe mokuʻāina, nā lula, a me nā lula" e pili ana i ka ʻAha ma Rowe.1 ʻO Id. ma 996. Hoʻohui hou, ʻike mākou ua hōʻole ʻo Rowe e heluhelu i ka § 14501 (c) (1) ʻae no ka mālama ʻana i nā kānāwai mokuʻāina e pale ana i ke olakino lehulehu. ʻO Id. ma 996-97. No laila ua haʻalele ʻo Rowe i ka paio a New York a me ka hopena o ka ʻaha ʻāpana, e ʻike iā Air Transp., 528 F. Supp. 2d ma 67, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka PBR ma ke ʻano he olakino a palekana i nā mea e pono ai ke kanaka e pale ai iā ia mai ka mana mua o § 41713 (b) (1). ʻO nā mea lawelawe ma luna o ka moku, me ka nānā ʻole i nā mea leʻaleʻa a pono ʻole paha, pili mau i ka lawelawe mokulele a hāʻule i loko o nā huaʻōlelo o ka hoʻolako mua - kahi hopena, ʻike mākou, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea kākau o ka PBR ke pakele. E ʻike iā NY Gen. Bus. Kānāwai § 251-g (1) (a) (e kuhikuhi ana i ka "lawelawe hanauna uila"); id. § 251-g (1) (b) (e kuhikuhi ana i ka "lawelawe hoʻoneʻe ʻōpala").

II.

ʻOiai ʻo ka PBR i manaʻo ʻia e kuhikuhi i nā kūlana o ka palekana o ka mokulele, ʻike mākou, i ka hopena, e hoʻopiʻi ʻia paha ia e ka FAA a me nā rula i hoʻolaha ʻia ma lalo. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka FAA e hana i kahi “ʻaoʻao like a kū hoʻokahi hoʻi o ka hoʻoponopono pekelala” i ke kahua o ka palekana o ka ea. Ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Burbank vs. Lockheed Air Terminal, Inc., 411 US 624, 639 (1973). Ma hope koke iho o ke lilo ʻana i kānāwai, ua hoʻomaopopo mākou ʻo ka FAA "i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ʻAhaʻōlelo no ke kumu o ke kikowaena ʻana i hoʻokahi mana - ʻoiaʻiʻo, i hoʻokahi luna hoʻomalu - ka mana e kūkulu i nā lula no ka hoʻohana pono a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻāpana mokulele o ka lāhui." Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l v. Quesada, 276 F.2d 892, 894 (2d Cir. 1960); ʻike pū iā British Airways Bd. v. Port Auth. o NY & NJ, 558 F.2d 75, 83 (2d Cir. 1977) ("[The FAA] koi i ka mana kū hoʻokahi o ka mālama ʻana i ka lewa i ka pae aupuni."). Ua hoʻohana ka ʻAhaʻōlelo a me ka Federal Aviation Administration i kēia mana e hana i nā lula e pili ana i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka palekana lewa. Aia kēia mau rula mai ke kūlana maʻamau o ka mālama no nā pono hana, e ʻike iā 14 CFR § 91.13 (a) ("ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻohana i kahi mokulele i kahi ʻano mālama ʻole a hoʻomāinoino paha i mea e weliweli ai ke ola a waiwai paha o kekahi." nā kikoʻī o nā ʻike o nā koina kōkua mua ma luna o ka moku, id. pt. 121, polokalamu. A, i ke kiʻekiʻena o ka carbon monoxide i ʻae ʻia i loko o nā keʻena ʻo "vented" kūpono, id. § 125.117. Hoʻonui kēia mana i nā mokulele i hoʻokumu ʻia a me nā kahua kaʻa mokulele. E ʻike id. § 91.123 (e koi ana i nā pailaka e hoʻolohe i nā kauoha āpau a me nā ʻōkuhi o ke kaohi ʻana o ke ea); id. § 139.329 (e koi ana i nā mokulele e hōʻemi i ka neʻe o nā mea hele wāwae a me nā kaʻa kaʻa honua ma nā alaloa).

ʻO ka manaʻo e kikowaena i ka mana palekana ea a me ka laulā o kēia mau rula e like me kēlā mana i alakaʻi i kekahi mau kaapuni ʻē aʻe (a me kekahi mau ʻaha i loko o kēia Kaapuni) e hoʻoholo i ka manaʻo o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e noho i ka māla holoʻokoʻa a no laila mālama i ka lula o ka palekana o ka ea. E ʻike, e laʻa, Montalvo vs. Spirit Airlines, 508 F.3d 464, 468 (9th Cir. 2007) ("[T] ua mālama ʻo FAA i ka māla holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa ma o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka kahua. Ua hoʻolaha ka FAA a me nā rula e like me ia. hoʻokumu i nā kūlana palekana piha a piha no ka huakaʻi ʻana i ka lewa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e ... nā kānāwai mokuʻāina. "); Greene vs. BF Goodrich Avionics Sys., Inc., 409 F.3d 784, 795 (6th Cir. 2005), palapala. hōʻole ʻia, 547 US 1003 (2006); Abdullah vs. ʻAm. Airlines, Inc., 181 F.3d 363, 367-68 (3d Cir. 1999); Palani v. Pan Am Express, Inc., 869 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1989); Curtin vs. Port Auth. o NY & NJ, 183 F. Supp. 2d 664, 671 (SDNY 2002). ʻOiai ʻaʻole mākou i kamaʻilio i kēia pilikia kikoʻī, ua hōʻoia mākou ʻaʻole ka FAA i mālama i nā hana hoʻomāinoino kānāwai āpau. E ʻike i ka ulia mokulele mokulele ma John F. Kennedy Int'l Airport ma Iune 24, 1975, 635 F.2d 67, 75 (2d Cir. 1980). Eia nō naʻe, he paukū mālama kālā kā ka FAA e mālama pono i kēia mau hana. E nānā 49 USC § 40120 (c).

Inā ʻike ʻo NūIoka e pili ana i ka laulā o kāna mana hoʻomalu i hāpai ʻia i ka lā, hiki i kahi mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe ke kūʻē i kahi kānāwai e pāpā ana i ka lawelawe ʻana o ka soda ma nā mokulele e haʻalele ana mai kāna kahua mokulele, ʻoiai e koi ana kekahi i nā koho ʻai ʻole alergen ma kāna huakaʻi i waho. ke wehe nei i ke kikowaena pekelala kikowaena no ka huakaʻi ea. Ma kēia kuhi, nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a ka ʻelima a me ka ʻeiwa kaapuni e loaʻa ai ka pale ʻana i nā kānāwai kūlike o ka mokuʻāina no ka hōʻike ʻole i ka makaʻu o ka thrombosis hohonu e aʻo. E ʻike iā Montalvo, 508 F.3d ma 473 ("ʻAʻohe manuahi ka moku [A] e koi i kahi kūkala e makemake ai ʻo ia i nā mokulele a pau e hōʻea mai ana, a i ʻole e haʻalele ana i kāna lepo..."); Witty vs. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 366 F.3d 380, 383-84 (5th Cir. 2004).

I ka mālamalama o kā mākou hoʻoholo e preempted ka PBR e ka ADA, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole pono mākou e kamaʻilio i ka laulā o kekahi prefa FAA, a hōʻole mākou e hana pēlā ma aneʻi. ʻOiai mahalo ʻia nā pahuhopu o ka PBR a me nā mea e hoʻonāukiuki nei i kāna hana ʻana, kaumaha wale ke aupuni pekelala e hana i kēlā kānāwai. Hoʻopau mākou, a laila, ma ka haʻi hou ʻana i kā mākou paʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui a ka PBR, i kahakaha ʻia ma ka ʻāpana 251-g (1) o ke kānāwai ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻo New York, e preempted e 49 USC § 41713 (b) (1).

PANINA

No nā kumu i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei, hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a ka ʻaha ʻāpana, a waiho ʻia ka hihia i ka ʻaha moku i hiki ai iā ia ke komo i ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo no ka lawe ʻana i ka Air Air.

Nānā wāwae:

Ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻeiwa mau mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe i hāpai i kahi kānāwai 1 e pili ana i ka hoʻopaneʻe lōʻihi ʻana o ka ʻāina. E nānā HR 2149, 48th Leg., 2d Reg. ʻO Sess (Ariz. 2008); Assem. 1943, 2007-2008 Reg. ʻO Sess (Kal. 08); S. 2062, 110th Reg. ʻO Sess (Fla. 2008); S. 161, 115th Gen. Assem., 2d Reg. ʻO Sess (Ind. 08); HR 5475, 94th Legis., 2007 Reg. ʻO Sess (Mika. 2007); Assem. 967, 213th Leg., 1st Ann. ʻO Sess (NJ 2008); HR 2055, 190th Gen. Assem., 2007 Sess. (Pa. 2007); S. 2088, 2008 Legis. ʻO Sess (RI 2008); S. 6269, 60th Legis., 2008 Reg. ʻO Sess (Holoi. 2008). Kuhi ʻia kēia mau kānāwai e koi ʻia ana mai ke koina e hoʻokipa ai ka mokulele ma nā ala hele e hiki mai ana, e ʻike iā Mika. HR5475 § 5 (2), a i kekahi koi e ʻae ʻia nā poʻe holo e iho i lalo, e nānā iā Pa. HR 2055 § 3 ( b). He mea pili ʻole ka ʻimi ʻana o kēia mau bila āpau e hoʻokau i nā kuleana hana nui e like me ka PBR - e koi ana i nā ʻoihana mokulele e hāʻawi i ka meaʻai, ka wai, ka hanauna uila, a me ka hoʻoneʻe neoneo ma hope o ka hoʻolōʻihi honua ʻana no ʻekolu mau hola - no ka mea, preempted nā kānāwai mokuʻāina e pili ana i ka lawelawe mokulele nānā ʻole inā kūlike lākou me kekahi a me ka nānā ʻole inā kūlike lākou me kā ADA pahuhopu. Rowe, 128 S. Ct. ma 995; Morales, 504 US ma 386-87. Hoʻomaopopo mākou ua noi a ua ʻimi ʻo ka 'Oihana Hoʻokele i ka manaʻo e pili ana i nā hana pale pale like e hiki ai ke hāʻawi i nā kaulike no ka hana ʻana me ka lohi o ka ʻāina. E ʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pale o ka poʻe mokulele, 72 Fed. Reg. 65,233 (Nowemapa 20, 2007) (e kuhi ʻia ma 14 CFR pts. 234, 253, 259, 399).

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