Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noho i kahi ʻāina Karipiana, ʻaʻohe ala e hiki ai i nā mokupuni me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka ea a/a i ʻole ka halihali wai. ʻAʻohe mea i loaʻa i ke kālā a i ʻole ke akamai ʻenekinia e kūkulu i nā alanui, nā alahao a i ʻole nā tunnels i mea hoʻohui i ka ʻāina; no laila, pili ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻāina ma luna o kahi pūnaewele ea a/a i ʻole wai. E like me ka paʻakikī o ka manaʻoʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe ʻaelike piha e hoʻoponopono a hoʻoponopono i ka lewa ma ka ʻāina.
E ʻae i ka ʻae: Nā pōmaikaʻi e loaʻa ai
Ua haku ʻo CARICOM (Caribbean Community Governments) i kahi ʻaelike lawelawe ea multilateral ma mua o 10 mau makahiki i hala a ma 2012 ka Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) i koho i kahi pūʻulu hana mokulele e:
- Hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā lawelawe kaʻa mokulele i loko a ma waena o ka Caribbean a me nā kaiāulu honua.
I kēlā manawa, ua alakaʻi ʻia ka pūʻulu hana e Ambassador Brian Challenger a ke kali nei ka manaʻo no ka CARICOM Secretariat a me nā luna e hana i ka hana hope loa i ka hoʻokō a me ka hoʻokō. Ke ʻae ʻia, ʻo ka ʻaelike (manaʻo ʻia) e hāʻawi i kahi kahua pāʻani pae no nā mea lawe e hana ana ma ka ʻāina. Me ka ʻole o ka ʻaelike, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea lawe ma waho o ka ʻāina ma mua o nā mea lawe ma ia wahi.
- Hoʻopuka pū ka ʻaelike i manaʻo ʻia i ka neʻe kūloko o nā mokulele - no ka laʻana, hiki i kahi mea lawe kaʻa mai St. Lucia ke kiʻi i nā mea holo ma Trinidad a lele iā lākou i Tobago. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia no ka mea he kuleana i kaupalena ʻia i kahi mea lawe ʻo Trinidad.
- Eia hou, ua hana pū ke komite Challenger me IATA (International Air Transport Association) e hoʻopaʻa i kahi noiʻi e nānā i nā loli e hiki mai ana ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā ʻauhau ma nā tiketi mokulele.
- Ua loiloi pū ke komite i nā mea paʻa i kau ʻia ma ka huakaʻi a me nā huakaʻi ma muli o nā loiloi palekana he nui i loko o ka OECS.
Kaa hope
Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo CTO Aviation Task Force (AFT) i ka ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole pono nā papahana nānā palekana o ka poʻe kaʻa a me nā ukana a ʻo kekahi mau mokulele ʻāpana he "ʻino maikaʻi ʻole." Ua hoʻoholo pū ka Task Force ʻaʻole ʻo ka mea kūʻai ke kumu o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele mokulele. ʻO nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻike o ka mea kūʻai aku me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka māhele code a me nā ʻaelike interline a me nā palena i ka ʻae ʻana i nā kulekele Open Skies.
Na lilo ma mua o ka hoʻokomo kālā
Ua ʻike ka CTO Aviation Task Force e pili ana nā pilikia hoʻoponopono a me nā koi komo no nā mokulele hou i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka huakaʻi intra-regional. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pilikia ʻo ka hana maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā mokulele mokulele a me ka ʻole o ka lewa hoʻokahi a/a i ʻole nā ʻaelike lani ākea. Ma waena o ka nānā ʻana i ka palekana a me ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻauhau aupuni a me nā uku i hui pū ʻia me nā koina hana kiʻekiʻe, e piʻi mau ana nā mea pale i ka huakaʻi intra-regional.
Hoʻohui i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā mokulele intra-regional a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻoihana mokulele āpana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana kahiko ma kekahi mau ala a he maʻalahi ke ʻike i ke kumu o ka paʻakikī no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi 21st He mea paʻakikī ka ʻoihana mokulele ma ia wahi.
Ka Hoʻonaʻauao Iʻa
ʻIke pū ka CTO ATF ʻaʻole i komo pono nā aupuni a me nā alakaʻi ʻoihana i nā mākeke kūʻokoʻa ʻole a ua nāwaliwali ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mokulele i ka ʻoihana mākaʻikaʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka kūʻai maikaʻi ʻole a me nā manawa huakaʻi huakaʻi palena ʻāina e hana i nā pale hou. ʻO ka hopena o nā mea paʻa: paʻakikī nā mokulele e noho i ka ʻoihana, hoʻopaneʻe pinepine a hōʻole paha i nā uku i nā luna mokulele.
No ka maikaʻi aʻoi aku paha ka maikaʻi
Ma kahi noiʻi hou e Kareem Yarde lāua ʻo Cristina Jonsson (Journal of Air Transport Management, 53, 2016) ua hoʻoholo ʻia "ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaiapuni mokulele i CARICOM e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mākaʻikaʻi intra-regional."
Ua hoʻoholo ka ʻimi noiʻi e "pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia nā kumu koi mua" a "ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaelike multilateral kūloko i kēia manawa ua keakea ʻia e ka hoʻopili politika, ʻaʻole wale i ka pōʻaiapili holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana mokulele, akā i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana o nā mea lawe moku. .”
Ua ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hana kulekele nui i ka ʻoihana mokulele, ua noi ʻo IATA i nā aupuni a me nā mea kuleana mokulele Karipiano e hana pū me ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia māhele mākeke i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻāina; me ka ʻole o nā lawelawe o kēia ʻoihana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia ka ʻāina no ka mea e lawe ana ma kahi o 50 pakeneka o nā mākaʻikaʻi āpau i ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e hiki mai ai kahi pōʻino (e noʻonoʻo i nā makani ʻino) he mea nui ia no ke ola a me ke kūkulu hou ʻana.
hana
ʻO Aviation kahi mea hana honua me ka mokulele kīwila US e hoʻopuka ana i ka US $ 2.4 trillion a he 58 miliona mau hana. Wahi a Peter Cerda, ka Hope Pelekikena ʻĀpana o IATA, ʻo ʻAmelika, ma ka ʻāina Caribbean he 1.6 miliona mau kānaka e hana ana i ka mokulele, e hana ana i $35.9 biliona GDP (2016).
Hana pū ka FAA me nā hoa mokulele Karipiano e hoʻonui i ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi a ma o ka hana Karipiano ke kōkua nei ke keʻena i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kahe o ka ea Caribbean ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūloko a me ka hōʻoia.
He hoalauna koʻikoʻi ʻo US ma ka mokulele US:
- ʻOi aku ma mua o 7 miliona mau kaʻa lele mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka Caribbean i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 17 pakeneka o nā poʻe holo kaʻa waho o US.
- Manaʻo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāina e 5-6 pakeneka i nā makahiki he 2 e hiki mai ana, ʻelua wale nō i ka Middle East.
- Aia i loko o ka ʻāina he 10 mau mea lawelawe ea ea i mālama ʻia e nā aupuni kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hapalua miliona mokulele e hele i kekahi o nā ʻāina lele ʻeono e pili ana i ka US.
- ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka wā wela a me ka paʻakikī o ka lehulehu o nā mokulele e kōkua i ka maopopo ʻole o ka papa kuhikuhi o ka ea a me ka lohi i loko o ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka ʻoihana mokulele he ʻoihana ʻoihana paʻakikī e komo pū ana Ka Caribbean Initiative:
- FAA
- ICAO
- ʻO ka hui hoʻokele hoʻokele mokulele kīwila (CANSO)
- ʻAhahui Kaʻa Lewa ʻAmelika a me Karipiano (ALTA)
- ʻO International Council International (ACI)
- Latin American-Caribbean, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o nā Luna Hoʻokele (AAAE)
- ʻAhahui Kaʻa Mokulele ʻĀina (IATA)
- Hoa Karipiana
Me kēia mau ʻoihana a pau me nā manamana lima i loko o ka ipuhao - ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha he paʻakikī ke hoʻokō ʻana i ka lokahi a puni ka ʻoihana mokulele Caribbean.
mokulele. Ka Bipi Waiwai
Nui nā aupuni o ka ʻāina i makapō ʻia e ka hana hoʻohui ʻia o ka mokulele i ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa a ʻike i ka ʻoihana ma mua (inā ʻaʻole wale nō) ma ke ʻano he mea waiwai no ka poʻe waiwai a no laila ua maʻalahi ʻia no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻauhau. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻauhau a me nā uku no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kahua mokulele / mokulele a i ʻole nā mea ea ea ... ua waiho ʻia nā kālā i loko o ka waihona kālā, e like me Peter Cerda o IATA.
Ma hoʻokahi mokuʻāina Karipiano, ma kahi o 70 pakeneka o ka awelika o ke ala hele hoʻokahi ka ʻauhau a me nā uku. Ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 mau ʻauhau a me nā uku ma ka mākeke Caribbean no 30 pakeneka o ke kumukūʻai tiketi. No ka ʻohana ʻehā e hele ana i Barbados mai ʻEulopa a i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau paha, hiki i ka ʻauhau ke hoʻonui i $280 i nā koina. Hoʻopili pū ka ʻauhau i nā huakaʻi huakaʻi i loko o ka moku Karipiano, me ka hoʻohui ʻana ma kahi o $35 i kēlā me kēia tiketi, kahi piʻi nui o nā mākeke holo pōkole kahi i loaʻa ai ke kaʻa i ke kākoʻo ola. ʻO ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā uku koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻauhau ma luna o ka mokulele a me ka huakaʻi ea e hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka mākaʻikaʻi a me ka huakaʻi ʻoihana - ke kumu no ka ʻoihana waiwai ma nā ʻāina he nui.
Ke Koina Kiʻekiʻe o ka Hana ʻoihana
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ke komo ʻana i ka ʻoihana mokulele a he pipiʻi ka mālama ʻana. ʻO nā ʻaelike lawelawe ea hoʻopaʻa i ka helu o nā ala e hiki ai i nā mokulele ke hana a kāohi i ke kālepa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Ambassador a me Kakauolelo Nui o ka Kaiāulu Karipiano, ʻo Irwin LaRocque, "ʻAʻohe mea kānalua he mea koʻikoʻi ka halihali palekana, maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi i loko o kēia ʻāina i kā mākou kaʻina hana hoʻohui kūloko. Ma muli o ka laha ʻāina o ko mākou mau lālā, he mea nui ia ʻano kaʻa kaʻa e hoʻokō ai i ka pahuhopu o ka neʻe ʻana o nā kānaka a me nā waiwai. He mea nui like ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuhane o ke kaiāulu ma waena o ko kākou poʻe. E maʻalahi hoʻi ia i ka ulu ʻana o ka mākaʻikaʻi i koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana waiwai o ko mākou mau lālā.
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia mokulele Karipiano: 4th Hui Mokulele Karipiano Makahiki (CaribAvia)
Ua mālama ʻia ʻo CaribAvia Meetup ma St. Maarten a ua hoʻokipa ʻia ka poʻe i hele mai i ka mokupuni e ke Kuhina Hoʻokele a me nā ʻoihana waiwai, Transport a me Telecommunications, ka Mea Hanohano Stuart Johnson.
Ua kāhea ʻo Johnson i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahie fossil i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka haumia. Ua paipai ʻo ia i ka hoʻohui ʻana mai kekahi mokupuni a i kekahi mokupuni. Ke nānā nei ʻo Johnson i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ke hana nei ʻo Johnson no ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻae ʻana o ka US ma St. Maartin, e hoʻokumu ana i ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano he kikowaena mokulele mokulele.
Ua hoʻolālā a hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻaha kūkā e Cdr. ʻO Bud Slabbaert, Luna Hoʻokele/Initiator Caribbean Aviation Meetup.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Seth Miller (PaxEx.Aero) ua kālele ka ʻaha kūkā i ka nīnau…” inā paha e hiki i nā kumu waho ke hoʻopōmaikaʻi i nā mokupuni ma ke ʻano e hoʻopau ai i ka pilikia o ka pōʻino i kā lākou mau mea hana kūloko. He liʻiliʻi nā ʻāina e makemake e ʻike i kā lākou mokulele home i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka ʻoihana, akā paʻakikī ka hihia ʻoihana no nā hana liʻiliʻi, hoʻokahi mokupuni.
Ua hoʻomau ʻo Miller, "Ua ʻeha ʻo Curacao i ka nalowale o InselAir, e waiho ana i ka mokupuni e hakakā nei e pili pū me ke koena o ka honua. ʻO Giselle Hollander, ka Luna Hoʻokele o ke Kaʻa a me ke Kaʻa no ka mokupuni… ke hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻoia i kāna mau mokulele liʻiliʻi ʻelua e ola a holomua aʻo ka hoʻihoʻi koke ʻana i ka pilina… … ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hana ʻana ma kā mākou kulekele ponoʻī inā ʻaʻole ia e hana i loko o ka ʻāina.'”
Loaʻa
Ua manaʻo ʻo Vincent Vanderpool-Wallace, Principal Partner o ka Bedford Baker Group, Nassau, Bahamas, hiki i ka mākaʻikaʻi intra-island ke hoʻonui a kōkua i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka ʻoihana mākaʻikaʻi ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mokulele, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea kūʻai aku i nā kamaʻāina Caribbean.
ʻOiai ma ka ʻaoʻao he ala maoli kēia i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka mākaʻikaʻi e like me ka ʻāina Karipiano, me ka heluna kanaka o 44,415,014 (e like me Iune 25, 2019), ua like ia me 0.58 pakeneka o ka nui o ka honua, me ka awelika makahiki o 30.6. makahiki.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, koe wale nō (malia paha) no nā Bahamas, ka ʻāina waiwai loa ma ke kaiāulu Karipiano me ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻāina ma kēlā me kēia kapita o $21,280 (World Bank Development Report, 2014) a me Trinidad a me Tobago me ka loaʻa kālā per-capita o $17,002 (2019). ), ʻaʻole paha he pragmatic kāna manaʻo.
ʻAʻole pōmaikaʻi nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina e like me Trinidad a me Tobago. ʻO ka GDP o Antigua he $12,640; Suriname $8,480; Grenada $7,110; St. Lucia $6,530; Dominika $6,460; St. Vincent ame Grenadines $6,380; Jamaica $5,140; Belize $4,180 a me Guiana $3,410.
ʻOiai e hōʻike ana kēia mau helu i ka GDP, ʻaʻole lākou e noʻonoʻo i ka Discretionary Income me ka Dominican Republic e hōʻike ana i $491.37 a me Saint Lucia e hōʻike ana i $421.11 i nā kālā discretionary.
Mai ka lā 20 o Iune, 2019, he 20 mau hola, 20 minuke ka lele ʻana mai St. Maartin (SXM) a i St. Vincent (SVD) ma ke kumu kūʻai o $983.00- $1,093.00. He aha (a ma hea) nā kumu a me nā kumuwaiwai no ka piʻi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā mai ka poʻe noho Karipiano i hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia i nā tiketi mokulele a me kahi hoʻomaha ma kahi mokupuni kokoke (ma nā kumukūʻai tiketi o kēia manawa a me nā pilina huakaʻi paʻakikī)?
Hoʻonui waiwai
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mokulele, pono ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina e hoʻonui i nā manawa waiwai a hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana ma mua o 6 pakeneka. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi nā hōʻike helu helu e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina o ka ʻāina ke hoʻokō i kēia ulu ulu, koe wale nō e hoʻomau.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻoihana
ʻO kekahi paʻakikī i ka mokulele mokulele intra-Caribbean ʻo ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hana. ʻO ka nui o nā mokulele o ka ʻāina he pipiʻi ke hana a hāʻawi i nā uku kiʻekiʻe a me nā uku i nā poʻe kaʻa. Eia kekahi, hoʻemi pinepine nā ʻaelike lawelawe ea ma nā ʻāina he nui i ka helu o nā ala e hiki ai i nā mokulele ke hana.
Wahi a Peter Cerda, ka Hope Peresidena ʻĀpana o IATA, ʻo ʻAmelika, hiki i ka ʻāina ke hoʻonui i nā pōmaikaʻi e hāʻawi ʻia e ka mokulele akā hiki ke hana wale ʻia me ka hui pū ʻana me nā aupuni e ʻike i ka waiwai maoli o ka mokulele i loko o ka pilina e hāʻawi ai a me nā manawa e hana ai. ʻaʻole ma nā uku a me nā ʻauhau e hiki ke unuhi ʻia mai ia mea.
Nā Haʻawina e Aʻo ʻia
MA ka CaribAvia MeetUp, ua paipai ʻo Robert Ceravolo, Luna Nui, Tropic Ocean Airways (Florida), i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mokulele mokulele a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manawa hoʻomaʻamaʻa mokulele me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻoihana a ʻaʻole nā hana. Eia hou, ua manaʻo ʻo ia i ka hui lehulehu / pilikino me nā mokulele moana e hiki ai i nā malihini ke hiki koke i nā hōkele kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO Kauka Sean Gallagan, Associate Dean of Transportation Programs, Broward College (Florida) i kālele ʻia i ka pono o ka hapalua miliona mau hana akamai i ka ʻenehana ma 2036. Ua manaʻo ʻo Gallagan e hoʻolauna i nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe a me ke kulanui i nā manawa hana ma ka ʻoihana mokulele Caribbean ma o ka hoʻomoana kauwela. nā ʻike a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hui lehulehu/pilikia ma ke ʻano he ala e loaʻa kālā ai kēia mau papahana.
ʻO Paula Kraft, ka hoa hoʻokumu, ʻo DaVinci Inflight Training Institute, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hana/ʻoihana ma kahi o ka lawelawe meaʻai inflight. Pono e hoʻomohala i ka ʻike i nā meaʻai allergens a me nā meaʻai kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻiʻo, ka iʻa, ka moa, nā meaʻai waiu, nā meaʻai maka a me nā meaʻai wela e like me ka laiki a me nā mea kanu i kuke ʻia). ʻAʻole ʻike ka nui o nā limahana i nā pōʻino e pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā lako a me ka lawelawe ʻana i nā meaʻai i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ʻia a ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea haumia, a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pilikino maikaʻi ʻole. Eia hou, pono e hoʻokomo i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa limahana i ka mokulele i nā Service Protocols i mea e hāʻawi ai i ke kōkua ʻoihana i nā mea kūʻai aku.
Nā Lani Wehe a Paʻa paha
ʻO ka mea hoʻonohonoho CaribAvia, Cdr. Ua nīnau ʻo Bud Slabbaert i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o Open Skies a ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole e hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka mokulele Karipiano e like me ia, "...
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻo nā ʻaelike Open Skies nā hoʻonohonoho lawelawe ea bilateral i kūkākūkā ʻia ma waena o nā ʻāina, e pili ana i nā mea kaʻa a me nā lawelawe ukana. Pono nā ʻaoʻao a pau o ke kamaʻilio ʻana e ʻae e wehe i kā lākou mau mākeke. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻo Slabbaert i ka pono e loaʻa i nā ʻāina ʻo 20+ e ʻae ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole; ʻO ke kumu paha ʻaʻohe mea i hiki a "... ʻaʻole e hoʻololi ʻia kahi Summit of Honorables."
Hope Puna Mau Loa
Manaʻolana ʻo Slabbaert! Manaʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoikaika, nā ʻāina maikaʻi a me nā mokulele e hoʻohiki (a pili) i ka manaʻo o Open Skies e hāʻawi ʻia i palapala hōʻoia a me ke Sila o ka ʻae ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Manaʻo pū ʻo ia i ka nānā ʻana i ka mākaʻikaʻi ma waena o ka mokupuni me nā ʻāina e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻimi i nā hoʻonā e ʻoluʻolu maoli i ka poʻe huakaʻi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻauhau ma nā tiketi mokulele, nā hōkele, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻike mākaʻikaʻi ʻaʻole ia he uku no ka poʻe malihini e hoʻoholo e hele i ko lākou ala i ka, "Caribbean Friendly Skies."
No ka ʻike hou aku ma CaribAvia, Bus maanei, a no ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka Caribbean, Bus maanei.
© Kauka Elinor Garely. ʻAʻole hiki ke kope ʻia kēia ʻatikala kope, me nā kiʻi, me ka ʻole o ka ʻae palapala ʻia mai ka mea kākau.
