ʻO kā Greening post-Soviet greening - loaʻa a me nā holomua

DNIPRODZERZHYNSK, Ukraine - He iwakālua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā i iho mai ai ka Pākū Hao, ua ʻāwili ka honua i ka weliweli i kona ʻike maka ʻana i nā pōʻino i hoʻokau ʻia ma ke ʻano e ka mīkini ʻenehana Soviet.

I loko o ke aupuni komunista a pau, ua pani nā kahawai a me nā kinikona; nā kūlanakauhale i kāʻili ʻia ka smog; ua komo ka radiation ma ka lepo; lua hāmama nā awāwa ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele. He mea paʻakikī ke ana ʻana i ka maikaʻi ʻole o ia mea: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i nā quota hana ma mua o ka ʻikepili kaiapuni.

I kēia lā, ʻelua hikina hikina ʻo ʻEulopa - hoʻokahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻia me ke kōkua o ka infusion nui o nā kālā o ke Komohana a me ka manaʻolana o ka lilo ʻana i lālā i ka European Union; ʻo kekahi ʻē aʻe me he mea lā ʻaʻole i haʻalele nā ​​commisars.

Ua kākau ʻia nā laina moʻolelo ʻokoʻa i ka nalu a me ke kahe o nā muliwai ʻelua.

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ʻO ka neʻe ʻana ma ke kahawai ʻo Dnieper o Ukraine, ma mua o kēia hale mana hoʻokahi o ke aupuni Soviet, pono e ʻoki i nā ao o ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻalani mai kahi mea kanu metallurgical.

Ma luna o kahi puʻu, hiki i ka poʻe holo kaʻa ke hopu i kahi ʻōpala o kahi ʻōpala ʻōpala. Hoʻopili ʻia nā māla e pili ana i ka pā e ka uwea ʻala me nā hōʻailona e ʻōlelo ana no ka radioactivity. Ma kahi lōʻihi aku, hele ka moku holo moku i ke kolu o ka nui o ka mana nuklea nui loa o ka honua.

Ma uka mai Kiev, ke kapikala Ukrainian, ʻohi ka Dnieper i ka wai mai ka muliwai Pripyat, nona ka sediment i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka radioactive caesium-137 mai ka pōʻino nuklea Chernobyl i ka makahiki 1986.

Ma ke komohana hema, ma nā ʻāina i hui pū me ka EU, ke hoʻi hou nei kekahi muliwai ʻo Danube. Holo nā waʻa leʻaleʻa ma mua o nā wahi ʻauʻau lehulehu a hele ka poʻe o nā ʻano lāhui he nui i lalo o nā esplanades ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi ala wai ʻālohilohi i hoʻoikaika i ka mele a Johann Strauss. Hoʻonui ʻia nā ululāʻau i mālama ʻia a me nā ʻāina pulu ma kona ala ʻala.

I ka makahiki 1989, ua like ka moʻo o Danube e kahe ana ma nā ʻāina komunista me ka Dnieper - he pōʻino kaiaola o nā ʻano epic. Ua ʻālohilohi ka ʻaila i nā kala anuenue ma ka ʻili o ka wai. ʻAʻohe iʻa ka lōʻihi, a ua hoʻonui ʻia nā limu pilau ma nā kapa. ʻOi aku ka ʻino ma mua o ka haumia ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā microcontaminants i ʻona i ka kaiaola.

Akā, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāina a me ka mōʻaukala nā ʻike i nā hopena like ʻole o nā muliwai.

Mai Rusia a pau i ke Kai ʻEleʻele, kahe ka Dnieper i ka hema ma Belarus, e ʻoki ana i ka hikina hema ma waena o Ukraine, nā ʻāina i koe, ma nā ʻano like ʻole, kokoke i ka umbilical tethered i nā makahiki he 20 i hala i ka ikaika o ka Kremlin.

ʻO ka Danube, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke ʻimi nei i kahi huakaʻi lanakila ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hikina o ka European Union, e hoʻomaka ana i ka maʻamau koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi EU Kelemānia a kahe a hoʻokumu ʻia i ka palena o nā mokuʻāina hou - Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Romania, a me Bulgaria.

He 2,857 mau mile (1,775 mile) ka muliwai mai ka Nahele ʻEleʻele a i ke Kai ʻEleʻele. Aia ma kahi o 83 miliona mau kānaka ma 19 mau ʻāina e noho ana i loko o kona kīʻaha.

ʻElima mau makahiki ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Wall Berlin ma Nov. 9, 1989, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina e kaʻana like ana i ka Danube i kau inoa i kahi ʻaha kūkā no ka mālama ʻana i ka muliwai, kona mau kahawai, ke kīʻaha a me nā kumu honua. ʻO ia kekahi o nā papahana hōʻailona ma kahi misionari ākea ma waena o nā mana Komohana e hoʻolako i nā piliona kālā no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui o ʻEulopa hikina.

I loko o ʻelima mau makahiki o ka hana kiʻekiʻe mai 2000, ua hoʻolilo nā ʻāina ʻo Danube i $3.5 biliona i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ma nā haneli o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale ma ka muliwai a me kāna mau kahawai nui 26. Ua hoʻohana lākou i $500 miliona hou aʻe no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā ʻāina wai a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ʻōpala ʻoihana a me nā kahe o ka mahiʻai e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai.

ʻO nā mea kemika e hānai ana i nā limu ʻānai meakanu a hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino o ke kanaka ua emi nui mai ka makahiki 1989, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou pae ma mua o ka makahiki 1950, ma mua o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale ma ka muliwai.

Me ke kōkua pololei o ke Komohana, nui nā ʻāina ʻilihune ex-Soviet-bloc i mea hoʻoikaika nui e hoʻolei iā lākou iho i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka ʻāina: ka lālā o EU. E hoʻokō i nā kūlana kaiapuni o ka bloc, ua hoʻokomo lākou i nā scrubbers i loko o nā mea kanu puhi lanahu, kūkulu i nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a hoʻopaʻa i nā hoʻokuʻu i hoʻi i ka Honua ma ke ʻano he ua waikawa.

He hana nui ia.

Ua kaulana kekahi wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Triangle ʻEleʻele ma ka hui o Kelemānia, Polani a me Czech Republic. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mine lanahu a me nā ʻoihana kaumaha i hoʻopau i ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka lehu a me ke kinoea. Ma kahi o 80 miliona mau tona o ka lignite, a i ʻole ka lanahu ʻeleʻele, i puhi ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e ninini ana i 3 miliona mau toni sulfur dioxide i ka lewa e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi hanu mau, ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi kanesa, a me nā pilikia o ka naʻau a me ka palekana. Hōʻike nā kiʻi Satellite i ka hapalua o nā ululāʻau paina ma nā puʻu a puni i nalowale ma waena o 1972 a me 1989.

Me ke kōkua mai ka EU, ua hoʻololi nā ʻāina ʻekolu i nā hale hana mothball, ua hoʻololi i nā wahie maʻemaʻe, a hoʻokomo i nā ʻenehana hou ma ia wahi, e like me ka nui o Maryland a i ʻole Belgium. I loko o hoʻokahi makahiki, ua hāʻule ka sulfur dioxide i ka 91 pakeneka, ua hāʻule ka nitrogen oxide i ka 78 pakeneka a ua hāʻule nā ​​​​mea paʻa i ka 96 pakeneka, e like me ka UN Environment Program.

No ka Danube, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana ma mua o kahi papahana kaiapuni. Ua hoʻololi ka Danube Convention i ka noʻonoʻo, e wāwahi ana i nā pale ma waena o nā ʻenemi mua, e koi ana i nā ʻāina a me nā lehulehu o ka muliwai e hana pū ma nā palena ʻenemi.

"He muliwai ola ka Danube i pili i ka moʻomeheu a me nā kānaka e noho ana ma laila," wahi a Philip Weller, ke kākau ʻōlelo hoʻokō o ke komisina.

"ʻAʻole ia he muliwai hihiu, ma ke ʻano o ka lele ʻana o ka salmon a i ʻole ka wai keʻokeʻo," wahi a Weller. "ʻO ia ke koko ola, ka ʻōnaehana holo" e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻāpana waiwai loa o ʻEulopa ma ke komohana Kelemania i ka poʻe ʻilihune ma Ukraine a me Moldova.

ʻAʻole maʻemaʻe ka muliwai, akā "i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei ua loli nui no ka maikaʻi," wahi a Andreas Beckmann o ka World Wildlife Fund. Ma hope o 150 mau makahiki o ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana a me ka nalowale ʻana o 80 pakeneka o nā wai wai o ka muliwai, "ua hoʻōla nui ʻia ka Danube."

Me ke kākoʻo o ka waihona, ua wāwahi ʻia nā dike a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōnaehana kahawai, e hoʻihoʻi ana i 50,000 mau ʻeka (123,000 ʻeka) a i ʻole ka hapalima o nā ʻāina wai hiki ke kiʻi hou ʻia, wahi a Beckmann.

Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa ka muliwai i nā ʻōpala i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia mai ka wā Soviet.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā pani puka hao o Romania a me nā kikowaena hydroelectric, ke pale mau nei i ke ala neʻe o ka sturgeon hanohano. ʻElua o nā ʻano sturgeon ʻelima maoli i ka Danube ua aneane nalowale, ʻoiai ke hoʻoikaika nei e hoʻolaʻa i nā lāʻau ma ka Danube haʻahaʻa.

Hoʻopuka ka holomua waiwai i nā mea hoʻoweliweli hou: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻeke, ʻoi aku ka ʻōpala, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea holoi hale i loaʻa i ka phosphorous e hoʻoulu ai i nā limu ʻawaʻawa.

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ʻO Sergei Rudenko, he kumu ma ke kula ʻoihana ma Dniprodzerzhynsk, ke kiola nei i kahi aho lawaiʻa i ka Dnieper no 50 mau makahiki. Mai nā mauna o waena o Rūsia, ua waiwai ka muliwai 2,285-km (1,420-mile) ma kēia wahi ma Ukraine hikina me ka perch, carp a me ka bream.

I kēia manawa he ʻino kāna hua, wahi āna.

"Ua luku ʻia ka Dnieper," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Rudenko, e hoʻolei ana i kāna laina mai kahi alahaka ala, kahi i uhi ʻia ai ka lewa e ka uahi mai ka mea kanu metallurgical. ʻAʻole like ka lawaiʻa i ka wā ma mua. Hoʻihoʻi mau koʻu makua kāne i nā iʻa he nui, nui ka bream, a i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe."

ʻO Dniprodzerzhynsk, kahi inoa e hui pū ai i ka muliwai me Felix Dzerzhinsky, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā mākaʻi malu Bolshevik, i kekahi manawa he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka hoʻokele Soviet a ua pani ʻia i nā poʻe o waho. Me 250,000 poʻe, he 60 mau hale hana, aia kekahi ma luna o ke kūlanakauhale me ka ʻehu mau loa.

Ma waho o ke kaona he ʻewalu mau pā i paʻa i ka pā me ka uwea ʻala, i kau ʻia me nā huinakolu melemele e ʻōlelo ana no ka radioactivity. Ua hoʻolei ʻia ka ʻōpala nuklea ma ʻaneʻi i nā makahiki he nui aku nei. Ua mākaʻikaʻi nā luna ʻaʻahu ʻaʻahu ma ia wahi, a hoʻōki i ʻelua mau mea nūpepa Associated Press e nīnau i ke kumu o lākou i laila.

Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi mea kanu kemika ka ʻōpala o ke kūlanakauhale, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā ʻōpala he 30 mau makahiki he 100 mika (XNUMX kapuaʻi) hohonu. Hōʻea nā kaʻa kaʻa he nui i kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻolei ana i nā ʻōpala hou i loko o ke awāwa, i ʻoki ʻia e kahi kahawai pilau i piha i ka ʻōpala.

"Ke hele mai ka makani mai laila mai, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hanu," wahi a Gregori Timoshenko, he 72 ona makahiki o ka hale hana ʻōpala, e kunou ana i ka ʻōpala hou. Hoʻopili ʻo ia i ka wā e nīnau ʻia ai inā pili ka hana ma ia wahi haumia i kona olakino. "Ua ola wau i koʻu ola, ʻaʻohe oʻu mea e nalowale."

ʻAʻole mamao loa, lawe ʻo Evgen Kolishevsky o ka Voice of Nature, kahi hui kaiapuni kūloko, i kahi mea kākau moʻolelo i ka wāwae i kahi puʻu mauna, ma lalo e holo ana ka muliwai Konoplyanka e hānai ana i ka Dnieper. "ʻO kēia ka ʻōpala mai nā ʻoihana kemika a me ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka uranium," wahi āna.

"ʻO Dniprodzerzhynsk kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale i haumia loa ma ʻEulopa," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia me ka lulu ʻana i kona poʻo.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka nānā ʻana o ka honua i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ʻo ka kipa ʻana i Ukraine he mea hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ʻo nā pilikia kūlohelohe kahiko o ka haumia o ka ea, ka wai lepo a me nā ʻōpala i mālama ʻole ʻia he mau mea pōʻino.

ʻO ka steppe Ukrainian, ʻo ia ka ʻenekini ʻenehana no ke aupuni Soviet, e hōʻike ana i kahi lani o nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻi: kahi pā picket o nā paka a me nā puʻu palaka nui e like me nā puʻu pele palahalaha ma kahi mamao.

I ka pau ʻana o kāna huakaʻi, komo ka Dnieper i ka ʻāpana wale nō o ke Kai ʻEleʻele i loaʻa i ka "hypoxia anthropogenic," ka nele mau o ka oxygen i hana ʻia e ka pollution i hana ʻia e ke kanaka e hoʻopilikia ana i 50,000 square kilometers (20,000 square miles) o ka wai - ʻoki iʻa. a me ke ola meakanu.

ʻO Irina Schevchenko, ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka luna o ka hui manawaleʻa kūloko Vita, e kū ana ma ka wāwae o hoʻokahi mauna o ka lehu kemika, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kekahi hale ma ke kūlanakauhale hikina o Gorlovka. I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ka mea kanu kemika o ka mokuʻāina e hoʻolei i kāna ʻōpala ma ka lihi o kahi mālama kūlohelohe. I kēia manawa, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kumu lāʻau i puhi ʻia a me kahi ʻōpala o ke kila-hinahina.

I ke kauwela, piʻi aʻe ka uahi mai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana mai ka puʻu, wahi a Schevchenko. Lawe ka makani i na kula, i na hale o kanaka. Ke ua ... hele ia i loko o kēia mau kahawai a komo i ke au o lalo. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kemika i ka lepo a me ka lewa o Gorlovka.

Ua ʻike ʻo Victor Lyapin, kahi luna olakino kūloko, i nā hopena pōʻino.

"ʻO ka hewa mua o ka Soviet Union," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, "ʻo ia ke kau ʻana i nā hale hana a me nā poʻe i ka poʻohiwi."