ʻOiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana

Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka Mokuna New York o The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA). TRUTH a hookolokolo. Ua hoʻokomo ka papa i nā ʻoihana media, marketing a me ka hoʻonaʻauao i hōʻike i ko lākou mau manaʻo a me nā ʻike e pili ana i kā lākou hana a me kā lākou ʻike ma ka ʻoihana pili lehulehu.

ʻOiai aia ka manaʻo nui e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma mua o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi mea ʻē aʻe, ua nīnau ʻia ka poʻe i hele i ka hale hana, "Ua wahaheʻe paha ʻoe?" Ua ʻae ka hapakolu o ka poʻe i ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻole.

Ua mālama ka Institute for Public Relations i kahi hālāwai kūkā like ma 2018, e nānā ana Poho Oiaio a me ke au e hoʻohui i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka moʻolelo. Ua nānā ka hanana i nā ʻoihana pili lehulehu a me kā lākou kuleana ma ke ʻano he "mea hana a hoʻolaha i ka ʻike e hilinaʻi nei i ka hilinaʻi i ka ʻike ʻike." ʻO ke kuʻikahi? He kuleana ko PR ma ka haʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo a ua ʻōlelo ʻo Tina McCorkindale, pelekikena a Luna Nui o ka Institute, "… Ua ʻike ʻo Norris West, ka luna hoʻomalu o nā kamaʻilio hoʻolālā, The Annie E. Casey Foundation, "Hoʻopau lākou [PR} i ka hūnā ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma o ke ʻano o nā hoʻoholo liʻiliʻi ..." me ka hopena e uhi ana i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Ke hele mai nei ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka loina, ua hoʻoholo ʻo McCorkindale, i ka hopena o ka lā, "… ʻaʻole pono ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike maoli, ʻaʻole pono wale nō ka ʻikepili maoli, akā e hoʻopau i ka hilinaʻi holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻoihana ... hiki ke nalowale ka hilinaʻi."

Noho i kahi Trump World

Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻo Donald Trump ke kumu nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo, nā manaʻo kipi a me nā wahaheʻe; akā naʻe, ua ʻike ʻo Kurt Andersen (ka mea kākau, Fantasyland: How American West Haywire) i ka manaʻo me mākou mai ka wanaʻao o ka repubalika a ua mākaukau nā ʻAmelika e manaʻoʻiʻo i nā mea a lākou e manaʻoʻiʻo ai no nā kenekulia.

He ʻokoʻa anei?

Wahi a Larry Walsh (ka 2112group.com) aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua ʻike ʻo Walsh ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia nā ʻoiaʻiʻo, e pili ana i ka noiʻi empirical a me ka helu. Hiki ke hōʻoia, hōʻoia a me ka mōʻaukala.

Hiki i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke komo i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo akā hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia i nā manaʻoʻiʻo (e like me Walsh). ʻOi aku ka makemake o kekahi poʻe i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma mua o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo no ka mea ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu o ka ʻike, maʻalahi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a hiki paha ke noʻonoʻo i kā lākou mau manaʻo mua o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Ua ʻike ʻo Walsh ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā ʻoiaʻiʻo; ʻae ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua ʻike ʻo Economist Charles Wheelan (Naked Economics; Naked Statistic) "… he maʻalahi ka wahaheʻe me nā helu helu, akā paʻakikī ke haʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka ʻole o lākou."

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kellyanne Conway, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka Pelekikena Trump, i ka wā o kahi hālāwai ninaninau Meet the Press (Ianuali 22, 2017), i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā o kahi ninaninau me Chuck Todd, e wehewehe ana i ke kumu i hiki ai i ke Kakauolelo Paʻi ʻo Sean Spicer ke "haʻi i kahi wahaheʻe i hōʻike ʻia," i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Spicer. ka hāʻawi ʻana i "nā ʻike ʻokoʻa." I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pale i kāna ʻōlelo, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Conway he "ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻē aʻe" he "ʻoiaʻiʻo hou a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe."

Hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa ka ʻoiaʻiʻo?

Me ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻike pau ʻole e hiki iā mākou ke heluhelu a lohe paha i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo; akā naʻe, e like me ka Rand Institute, ke ʻike nei mākou i kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo i ke ola lehulehu o ʻAmelika. ʻO Jennifer Kavanagh lāua ʻo Michael D. Rich (2018) nā mea kākau o Truth Decay, ua hoʻoholo i ʻehā mau ʻano e noʻonoʻo ai:

1. ʻAʻole i manaʻo hou ʻia nā mea ʻoiaʻiʻo he ʻOIAʻI; aia nō ke kuʻikahi e pili ana i ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ke nīnau ʻia nei ka ʻikepili, me ke ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ka nānā ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana.
2. Ua aneane ʻike ʻole ʻia ka laina ma waena o ka manaʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
3. Ke lawe nei nā manaʻo a me nā ʻike pilikino i kahi o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
4. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi hou ʻia nā kumu kumu o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Ari-Elmeri Hyvonen (2018, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland) ua hōʻike ʻo Donald Trump i kona hōʻole a me kona inaina i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli. E like me kā William Connolly (2017) i manaʻo ai, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Trump i ka manaʻo o ka "wahaheʻe nui" i ʻike ʻia e mākou mai ka National Socialism propaganda i ka ʻike ʻana ʻo Adolf Hitler, ma Mein Kampf, ka mea i ʻike ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana o ka lehulehu ma mua o ka hoʻopunipuni nui. nā mea liʻiliʻi (Hitler, 1943, 231-232). Hana ʻia ka "wahaheʻe nui" no ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e ke kanaka a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea mana; hoʻopiʻi i ka manaʻo ma mua o ke kumu; hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kahi kūʻokoʻa (ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia) i ka poʻe hoʻolohe; a hana hou ʻia a hana hou ʻia.

Hoʻopuka pū ʻo Hyvonen i ka manaʻo o Careless Speech i "noa ka mālama." ʻAʻole pili kēia ʻano ʻōlelo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hōʻike i ka makemake ʻole e komo me nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ʻae i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he hopena ka ʻōlelo a he mea nui nā huaʻōlelo. Hoʻokumu pū ʻia kēia ʻano ʻōlelo i ka maopopo ʻole: Ua manaʻo maoli ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻia? ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mea.

He wahahee a BS paha?

ʻO Harry Frankfurt, ma kāna puke On Bullshit (Princeton University) e noʻonoʻo ana i ka manaʻo o ka "bullshit" i ka ʻike ʻana i ka "bullshitter" ʻaʻole loa e nānā i ke ʻano maoli o nā mea. Ke ho'āʻo nei ka mea wahaheʻe e hūnā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aʻo ka mea hoʻopunipuni wale nō e mālama i kāna kumu pilikino.

Ua ʻike ʻo Hyvonen "… ʻaʻole i kūkulu ʻia ka ʻōlelo mālama ʻole ma luna o nā ʻōlelo hoʻopunipuni i hana maikaʻi ʻia e kani maikaʻi akā ʻaʻohe manaʻo. Ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻohuli, ʻimi ka ʻōlelo mālama ʻole e hana i ka huikau a hoʻopau i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa democratic.

Huna anei ka Oiaio?

Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Kavanagh lāua ʻo Rich i ka pōʻino o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma muli o ka ʻike, ka piʻi ʻana o ka media media a me nā puka ʻike ʻē aʻe, me ka hiki ʻole o nā mea kūʻai ke hoʻomau i ka nui o ka ʻike i hiki ke loaʻa, nā loli i nā kumu o ka ʻike, a me ka schism ma waena o ka politika a me ka nohona.

Ke haʻalele nei mākou i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo a me nā ʻikepili i pono (inā ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi) i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa politika a me nā hoʻoholo kulekele, aia ka emi ʻana o nā kamaʻilio kīwila no ka hiki ʻole iā mākou ke ʻae e ʻae (a ʻae ʻole). ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi ʻaelike ma nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻonāwaliwali i nā ʻoihana koʻikoʻi moʻomeheu, diplomatic a me ka waiwai.

Ua neʻe ka Media mai ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā nūhou paʻakikī a i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻopuka a me nā manaʻo ma muli o nā palena kālā a me nā mākeke pahuhopu. Hoʻohui kēia i kahi hui o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo a me nā manaʻo, e hoʻonui ana i ka wikiwiki o ka pohō ʻana o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

ʻO nā ʻoihana aʻoaʻo a me nā hui noiʻi, e kū ana i ka koi e hoʻolaha (i hoʻohuli pinepine ʻia e nā mea kākoʻo ʻoihana a i ʻole nā ​​​​papahana hoʻokumu kālā ʻē aʻe) e alakaʻi pinepine i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā manaʻo kuhi hewa, alakaʻi hewa ʻole a pololei ʻole, hālāwai i nā pono o nā mea kākoʻo, a me ka nalo ʻana o ka pūnaewele. makemake o ka mea kuai.

Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Kavanagh a me Rich i nā poʻe kālai'āina a me nā ʻelele aupuni, me nā keʻena federal, Congress, state and local executives a me nā ʻaha kānāwai i kuleana i ka wili ʻana i ka ʻike a hiki i kahi paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo mai ka moʻolelo. Hoʻopili nā mea haʻiʻōlelo a me nā wahine i ka laina ma waena o ka manaʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻohui ana i ko lākou mana i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻike pilikino a me ka manaʻo a ʻike ʻia he mea nui ma mua o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Hoʻokumu ka Nūhou Tele i kahi hui

E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā polokalamu kīwī i mālama ʻia e Rachel Maddow, a me Sean Hannity, kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā ʻoiaʻiʻo a me nā manaʻo me ka ʻole o nā laina akaka e hoʻokaʻawale ana kekahi mai kekahi. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻike mai ke kīwī, ka pāpaho, nā nūpepa nūhou pūnaewele a me nā mea paʻi puke e hoʻokumu i kahi hodgepodge o ka ʻike e luhi ana i ka ʻeli ʻana, waiho ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo mai nā manaʻo, wahaheʻe a me BS.

Huikau na kamalii

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina ʻo Stanford i ka makahiki 2016 o nā haumāna kula waena ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻike pūnaewele, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā moʻolelo ʻoiaʻiʻo mai nā nūhou hoʻopunipuni. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā hoʻolaha a me nā mea i kākoʻo ʻia a i ʻole ka loiloi ʻana i ke ʻano o kahi kumu ʻike i ka wā e hoʻoholo ai inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo a manaʻo paha kahi ʻōlelo.

Manaʻolana ʻo Rand

Manaʻolana ka ʻimi noiʻi/hōʻike ʻo Rand ma o ka hōʻike noiʻi ʻana e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike ʻike. Manaʻo pū lākou ʻo ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻikepili a me nā loli i ke kulekele aupuni e paipai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kuleana a me ka ʻike. Manaʻo pū lākou i ka pono e hoʻololi i nā ala o ke kamaʻilio no ka ʻikepili a me nā ʻoiaʻiʻo - e hōʻike ana i ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano hoʻoweliweli ʻole a me kahi ʻōnaehana "poʻo", e hoʻomaopopo ana i nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻopunipuni a hoʻopunipuni paha ka ʻike a lākou e heluhelu nei a lohe paha.

Nā Pili Aupuni – ʻO ia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo?

Wahi a Mark Weiner, Luna Nui Insights, Cision a me Luna Nui, Prime Research Americas, pili ka pilina o ka lehulehu i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ma kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka Journal of Mass Media Ethics, ua hoʻokau ʻia nā limahana PR i ke kuleana o ka lanakila ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo no ka pono o ka hui. ʻO ia ka PR e kālele ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ʻike maopopo e hoʻolilo i ka ʻoihana i mea nui o ka c-suite.

Wahi a Anthony D'Angelo, Polofesa o ka Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka Public Relations, Syracuse University, "ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻopunipuni a hoʻopunipuni. Pāʻani maikaʻi mākou… ʻaʻole mākou e hana i kekahi mea a mākou e makemake ʻole e hōʻike nui ʻia e ka nūhou. ʻO ka poʻe loea PR ke kuleana no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hilinaʻi me nā mea kūʻai aku, nā mea hana a me nā nūhou.

Wahi a Leslie Gottlieb, Pelekikena NY Mokuna, PRSA, "I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i kā mākou ʻoihana i kā mākou mau kumu kumu a me kā mākou kuleana e lawelawe i ka pono o ka lehulehu."

Papahana. ʻOiaʻiʻo ma ka ho'āʻo: The Role of Truth in Today's Society

© Kauka Elinor Garely. ʻAʻole hiki ke kope ʻia kēia ʻatikala kope, me nā kiʻi, me ka ʻole o ka ʻae palapala ʻia mai ka mea kākau.